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Vol, XXXV
TOKYO.—
thしsecond bi, in the-woi'ld .to' Germans,
During:Ou ('January-Jun sai*5 of bee; 1,570,382 kil< r«Md for th
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NゥDeoi AttaiiUi
TQKYO.—
survivor 'of ?i 1>1A、'iv,sレ m'ohiticmary '-ほe, Japanes deaih in aはa
"It is an es .,:t-of the Jap dミ"h for at —,"O"m( irs made pub the Tok》-o B
Ok at not 0 a who. was not to the deat" to become a
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Hokod, Found €
PIUS ON CAMP " f^ー
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TH霣IfBW CAW A111 A W
ift the mult of加rijuana uie ycr m or of • tend enマfor those whoIftck corivenU&n倉1motivation to finddni豕usually *t-t"cU化If one eonfin" hほum of the tem to ft dwrlption or the present Am"ican ,ccnc, one most condud, th" prc柳t evidence does not perm汰th* e^Ublifthment of ft cMuaI relition-ship between nuiijuftn* ai« ftnd the &motiv"ionftlsyndrome." Another co"nt reason''ぉven by the antレmirijuM風movement i» its impicfttion篇for driving聰cci4ent8. S«ys Erich Goode, "It is •Iso common:y "cogrnほed tli" it is unwi,« to drive tin automobile when one is 'stoned'." Th« Jour, D,lastt"(1971,1,1,27— 46 > feported that intoxlc«Uon by marijuana isleきs detrimental than ,lcohol"bloodlevel.l0<7-. However, it卿tinued, '*There iにlUt〗e doubt th线t m歡;rリtuinft i醇歡logons to'alcoholin the .poten-Uitlfor detrimental effects upon driving. Since the ''exact cQm-
?iArifton is dぱficult, any changes of thelaw peKaining tomari, uim翁must take into consideration its potentiit 1role in traffic ac'
To offset this bisi» one must reconsider' first of nil,the study of Alfred Crarxei'(chief of reie"ch, 1r6j)t. of Mo tor Vehicles, Wash. State) and histe翼m of psycholoぉsts and phamacologists*^ Experimental subjects' were seated in simulator ftppuratus with atandard ,ipinent and faced against a screen With altered driving conditions as in ivctual driving'.situation — normaland emer-
gency,' cities, freeways, .etc. There were two ''groups of suリe(?ts.'. 'neノifroup,'which.waa already' accustomed .to.:.us,ing 'marijuana twice per mo nth for thelast six mortths,waa given two marijuana cigarettes. The'secondれoup was given,alcoholmhced 'in. orゃjre juiee.sufficent ■'to'bring them up. to thelevel..of'legardefinはion ofdrunHeness —1/10 of1*> alcoholcontent. The results were as follows: 'a) .'Marijuana group's :tota1.5core':no' .difference .— whether sober or stoned —.in performance; b) The »lco hoi.group 'ndicated :markeいimpairment m a,l.mもasures' of 'driving in the' simulato'r. .test .with:the:e)ccもption of steering performance.':'One
■ w()rd .of :caution is footnote.d勿.Cはncer, however'.in'the .results. He ■: feeIs:'that marijuana users', may have been overly eager to' prove . their ■.performance.:
'■A seふon(i:stu(ly,. completed by '.Harvard medical.student, An-drゃw.Wi'il,:ha:; 'some'siiTnはicimce for the'issue. ■ From the B(iston. fire"c" took nine drug-naive'students, 'of whom he. said: "obtaining (irujf-na^ive 'subjects' these 'day.. ..is'画like recruiting -virぉins' 'for :the blaゅ/mass," and,.eight' heavy' users of. cannabis.' .The'.drug-naive groupノws shdwn .how .'to' inhale.ain:d exhale, .hoiding the .marijuana -smoke'.fひr about'twenty sciionds.— Threもtests..were administered:
l'丄..Continuous :Performance Test (Measures.'Capacay'for sus-' ■tained aUention)
Result: No impaii"merU found among heavy users. ■'2- — '.Digital.Symbol.Subs'Utution. Test '(abstract symboレ:ゅuivai.1, ents'.of,i_9 were■■ given. Subjects, were ..then re,uired to translate■ symbols 、t(t numbers witfi:jthe use,6f a dictionary of. numbers and symbols):
Results: Drug-naive'subjects''found it dぱfi cult. while .drug :users., improved with heavy ..do sage of: marijuana. 3—1^urs^uはkひtor Test (measures muもcular coordination and at-■ t e nt ion.'A. stylus is to be. kept iir contact ■ with: n small spot on moving turntable)
'■Results: 'Druj:-niUveく subjects' fell-with..• increasing, dosaぉe; ...while'.-heavy., users'.'performance . rose, aftmariju:atui':wa3 smoked.
.Havinj^ 'reviewed these aiid other related sti;idies, the '.'LeDain Kepoit makes this comment:''There isno avaiほble evidence that eann^bis.hasbectv a .sigtUficant' factor in 'traffic, accidents."
Moreover, theひ ire e tor of the Injury ControlResearch Lab• oratりry (Proャinceに化I.),'Dr, RobcrtlMcXelvey, also.幼id recent-■ly, "A forthcoming'federalstudy'indiー" tねt. persons':who drive
undef. the influence'of marijuana are inore..cau|L.iou$ andless' aggressive .than,dri、'era. under the .itiflttence: of akoh—ol"..Studies sivowed maHjuanii smokers'were.less a.ggre^ssi ve-and. made . fewer, .attempts to pass other', cars than persori'who .had ■..been, dfinking.,,
..Oneargument-for:.retaining,':cTimina1sunctions—af^i^inst— cannabis则st b« mentioned, namely, th"legalist km ^^eaketis t he .1principle .of deterrence. On'this'如oint:.the study of'tivo .la:,* students 、f theリnivei'sity -of Califo.rpiaし"w. Schciol'—(Berkeley)', were some 73ヮf 'of' the student body is estirhated to' haVe 'used
'camiab isにEllen Gr^eivan4,Bruce lumber g、. is mo sいrevealing. ■ An]icmg,..th^- minority of: n:o n-users inter viewed .'only, two usもd de-
■terenco ,s prp々entath'e.cxiilaiv«Uons: one stated;tJiaf the. fear of arrest wa:vhis''reason;, the other.felt thafhe'didn't'w'ant to break'
■tWlaw. So " is conぁded'by, John Kaj)lan. that .-law-doesn't cross their mii>ds- wheir pot is b歸ked, or は:does, everyone experts.
■ th" he wiU'not'.b^.caujfht^ And ironically,. the•■ number deterred, by the deterrent theorists is decreasing annually, even with crira" ina":"iQn inィu11effect!'
IV. SOME ALTERNATIVES TOぐRnUNAL】ZATIONT
What; th.en:are'the aHem"ives? " is the generalconsen-. .suぎ,both of experts .andlaymen, that jpresentlaws and 'peTwdties 'afe still..much too harsh, notwithst*i«fin^ t he 、196 9 m'is ionきof: ..the N*rcotic■ ControlAct. Stillan.inereasing: .mimber.of jr.outJis are 'needlゃssly armt", fingrerpi"ihUd,'cottvicteaimd finiiliy record" c rim milIs merely:.for the sole, posses* ipn of marijuana. What, this do#5 to their fuiture ftnd'c禽reers, their employraent opportupi-■'ti« aTtd.bond upplications, none but the individuals, themselvesで*ti fully feel»nd-jippreci»te. -On«^—high--school.youth.'known to the .writer be "me »o bUt"-tow"(d the police fo'r havinま'him'"fir"" from t h,、"e. orderly.〗ob — eTen bdfo re. conviction —.that he dropp^ out <^ school,home ahd. society for .the'past t\i"0 yearv—livinjc on welfare from time toノtime.
Before altゃm"ives and mode】s are introduced, however, peilMkp» A''tiu>r<^ basic, quest ion ou豕ht to.be the question of etio* ioiry 一 thr實hjr's魏nd wherefore's of cannabis u»,.7 jnd in this refkrd the LeC^in Commission is to be com加ended for "ving devoted thewho)e of cfcjipter four to this tasヒ
One authorUy attempts to interpret th« jrenernldru豕seen* «s folio w»;;
lーItis Kij"rally * youth scene翁nd a sr,n«rmtion*linter-"t* lOiin ta their crmi* fひr sprciiH type «^ dr^^
2 — hi* * cahiTa"on of th« "th"ic mued with加ild he>
3 一 It i» » experifncf of youthfulezpfriaenUtion, **Uie wminjr»«w to try幼ytlkiaf once."
一It is JI syflibol^ disMnt^It i« Mti not "mfatttw. Caanabi,狄r, are therrfo",MtT dbtrnrbiac heroin
狄to Uie »rM of fuibKaf. pvMtitatfMi酵 他VMM CM time to Mk* il imgpl to
Cont iroin Pcig參On參
"would be prohibited to minora under "ひヒt "^djot^Jg^ therrtぱarre,ted — it could poss!ちly beむeUedysふdrin^;^ under »ge charge (B.レC,A.).. It would also coマer driving while under the influence of cannabis*
Onecriticism of this model"that it is incongrous »nd unfijjr to punish the purveyor wid not the buy", who encourage, the purveyor. '
A second altnutive is the MedicalMo del.T^ij ,oゃlさrelegate cannabis to the area of "controlled drugs," wりi?hiij^udw amphetamines and barbiturates, imdwitho?t pもnsltゃfきf poa?" a ion in smallamounts The" are two advantajrw. to tW, raoc^l: a) Itr«mov" the stigma of eHminalほation to simple potae»«oii of cannabis; b) It s(iould discourage the underworld's invol,6" naen"n"nnabis traffic.
The objection to this modelis that it may not be so pr狄tヒ caland: I ICC ep table 'because' carniiibis .'pro ducts are, eo加u加d mostly for their recreationalbenefitslike coffee and alcohol.Why ahoul3 anyone need to run to his family doctor to enjoy an evening or pot party with his friends?
The third alternative is the Licensing Mo del — a system a kin れthe LiqiK)r ControlBoard ofO n tar io. It Seems to have, by far, the greatest advantages:
.1—It would ensure quality controloflegallly .obtained can-nab is pro ducts. Itふis wellknown that much of the stuff sold on streets may contain mixtures of LSD and/or
$ , It would ensureuniformity of potency, between1to1.25 per cent of delta -IT HC.
3 —ItwoulcT controlprice. ,
4 —it ^^'ouId provide' revenue ■ • thro ugh taxation.
5 一 It w6uld save the cひst of enforcing a relatively unpop-
ula'rlaw .&iid.the cost of'correctional.services. .(It is eん imated thaぃCaUforniaspends多72,000,000 an拜Uy for these servites小
6 — It may take the "punch" out of anti-establishment moマe-
-inents.30:lo]ng:.a'ssocjatedwith pot.'
7 — Jt may reduce the abuse of other illegaland more dan-
gerous psychoactive: drugs...
As much as these arゅments "e attractive, the mo delpresents' few' problems beforもaccなtance..: -For', one,legalization of' M ariju aria may increase its use. "fwo,legaHiiition may be miscゅ strued as condonation."-: .an rgumefrequently used'by the.anti-1ega】iz:ation'party. :T"hree,' it me y pro vide greater uccessi b ill ty. .t 6 minors. T.hen wliat &bout .Canada's :i;ole. as 'a signatory.: of— the' Single'.Convention?. .Her. proximity .to ■ the-.U. .S.,if -that govern* menぃshould elect'to 'keepaw'un change 4.. Finally, what Jibbut
■the argument: that'th'e .l.ong4enn effec.ts'of'chronic' cannabis加も are stilluncertain and-un p'i*edi c table.' Y eい.the: words of o.ifie. authority, '"...argrリinent-S for .,t he •■• criminalization of marijuana based .on: the unpredictabiliy 'of'it"ffects are.. unperssuasWe.,,.
byE.SにYoshida/Prob寧tioiiOfficer—
Scarborough Probation Office
'Scarborough^ Ontario.-
(Cont. f加れれOne)、
So iast October,lie applied for
MD…
to an American dtizien.'..;for.fiye yeiu:s, he had to establishlegalcitizenship. He was called in resi(ience in.:.the' stれes for only 'January andwas.もiially natural-three yea:rs,
ized in May,1972•
Boy A Sell-Yoor Hom« Thrott豕b
Mils Kurodo
Bol
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N'氣478
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