核子醫
未雨1
NUC
MEDICINE
藝:麵:::,議麵謹讓瞧碼::! 翻谅與^荥
TRENDS & FUTURE
•蕭始耀士DR. BOBBY SIU ►►►►►►►►►►►►
四十年前廣島的原子彈爆炸8寫 下人類歷史的一頁*這種武器的超 然威力&對^類的福祉繼續構成威
o
自第
K西方
地球擁 倍於廣 些超級 是無法 怖的事
二次祖界大戰結束後,蘇聯 國家的冷戰'造成兩者不斷 子武器。到一九八一年時' 有的核子武器巳相等一百萬 島原子彈的威力*現時a這 強國擁芎的"殺傷"能力更 想象。罎力的事逐已變成恐.
Q
爭相擁有 色列及印 自我燬滅
近年籴',子武器茌拳, 方面的 著進步。不少國家亦開始 核子^器-包括南非、以
度。囟此》誤按發纖義薩;
的機會-也大大提高o
對全球性核戰威脅的反應 。長期以來,醫生明瞭電 ^傳的破壞及癌症的影響 他們亦有硏究核子後遺律 及長崎的日人的長期影1
內復發《之後在數小時或數t天內死 亡◎ ―. :
核子彈爆發8破壞大氣內的臭氧
脣.,臭氧成份會下降;同温S的氧
化氮成份則會增加、由太陽出的 紫外線會變強a當照射茌地一時1. 將令不少人士患上皮膚癌。低的 緯度地區,人們會被陽光炙,而 在。較高的緯度》人們則會患1上^雪
o
離幅射對
o而且»
對茌廣島
o
過去數年S數個醫療組織-一較 著的有"國際防止核戰醫生聯會" 、"社會貪任醫生聯會"及'w反核 武醫療聯會"聯同一起3硏究核戰 對人類的影響(。一九八一年a英國 醫療協會決定展開探討醫藥在核戰 威脅越來越迫近*醫藥界也開始重 m "核子醫藥^的將來睦勢o ,.
醫藥界現,^n道的是8世界上每 一個人都肓^會受幅射影響8美國 國家研究委員會指出8如果一萬兆 噸蝠射^核子爆炸而散發出來"地 球上每一個人都會受五至十拉德( 吸收蝠射量單的幅射影響。骨 髓、淋巴腺、# 、胃、腸及生殖器 官是最易受幅射影響的器官。超過 五千拉德可令人窒息而死?少量幅 射可引致暈眩卩嘔吐反腹瀉。雖然 會苢短時期復元^但病症茌^星期
藥界也愈來愈重視幅射的長期 治療效果一一廣島及長崎部災難 生還者」於原子彈爆發五年馋出現 白內障而成爲盲人;死胎數目不斷、 上升》 —在出生的幼嬰中^弱智的^ 形亦有顯著上升。同時,肺、乳 、皮膚及甲狀腺等癌症也肓:出現8 遺傳突變亦是意料.*事a而且會遺 傳至下一代。 :
沒有人知道核子戰是何時生。 但#定的是^輕微的蝠射對人體健
,會有不良的影響。對部份醫生而 言,核子醫療就如夏季下雪麵般遙 遠°可是另一些醫生》如上k的醫 療組織》他們認爲核子醫瘵^需要 是M所未有的明顯反重要° 、
每個行業.均有反對革新者存茌。 然而》當愈來愈多人在核子科技下 受到幅射危險的威脅,加上子廢 料裨漏,核戰恐懼增加及肓》且織性 的一平運動不斷擧行&將茌迨使 ^認知核子治療的重要性。
bomb signified a The
The drop of the atomic Hiroshima 40 years ago new .page in kumaa lii story supremacy of this weaponry oyer hximan welfare has posed a threat to the continuation of the' human species. 、
Since the find of the Second World War, the Cold War between the Soviet Unions and the Western Bloc has justified the accumulation of nuclear weapons on both sides. By 1381, the iearth possessed about, one million times the power of the Hiroshimai liom^j -The superpowers now have *tJie •overkill* capacity. The Balance of Power has escalated intb the Balance of Terror.
In recent years f there were qualitative advances in atomic weaponry measured in terms; of a greatly increa'sed accuracyj. Furthermore, nuclear weaponry has proliferated to an increasting 、 number of countries includlrig South. Africa, Israel, and kndia -The chance of someone mistakenly
presses tne Dutton ot atomic i '
self-destruction has increased.
The medical profession has been
slow in reacting to this global
threat of ,nuclear war- For 'a long
time, however, doctors are aware
of the effect of ionizing
radiations on genetic damages and
cancers. There were also studies on the long-term effects of
nuclear fallout on. the Japanese in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, <
In, the past few years, a nximber
of medical groups --- noticeably
the Iriternational Physicians ;for f the. Prevention of Nuclear War ^(IPPNW), the Physicians for ^ocial Responsibility (PSR) , and this MedicalcCampaign Against Nuclear
Weapons (MCANW) ---have emerged
to do educational work among; their own. colleagues on the : impact of nuclear var on people-In 1381, the British Medical Association decided to launch an inquiry into the medical effects on. nuclear war.
As the threat of nuclear war is so imminent and total, the medical profession is beginning to take a more serious look 6a ; the future of nuclear medicine。
What is known now to the medical profession is Uie fact that everyone in this world has a chance to be exposed to radiation. According to the U.S. National Research Council, if a totalr dosage of 10,000 megatons of radiation are spewed out due 、' to nuclear explosion, each citizen on. this earth would be exposed to a dosage of between, five and 10
Bone marrow, lymph glands i spleen, stomach, intestinek,^and reproductive organs are very susceptible to radioactive damage. Dosages of
individuals to become breathless and die quickly. Lover dosages
cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea, In addition, tAere is ,a period of apparent recovery with |a recurrence of symptoms vitHin ;two weeks, usually culminating in death within hours oc days.
As nuclear bombs explode, the atmospheric 02one layer.would be ruptured 9 and its ozone content. Hould fall. There would be a. marked increase in the stratospheric content of nitirogera. oxide- Ultra-violet radiation from the sun would intensify and penetrates to the earth causing many people to suffer from skin cancers. In/ the lower latitudesp people voula suffer from- sunburn1 and in higher latitudesp they would suffer from snow blindness.
The medical profession is increasingly aware of 1 the long term medical effects of radiation, on people -:"一 some survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki ordeals developed cataracts vith1 blindness up to five years, later; the number of I stillbirths rose steadily and amongst the infants born, there、 vas some increase in .the incidence of1 mental rietardation. There were reports of cancers of the lung, breast, skin and thyroid. An increase in genetic m\itat.xons /is also expected, arid these would be passed onto future generations.
Nobody is certain when, the nuclear var will be descending ' upon. us. It is clear however that even a small dosage of radiation may negatively affect our health. For some medical doctors^ the practice of nuclear medicine Is 4s far remote as summer slnow. For some, such as those in IPPNW, PSR, and MCANW menti^rjied above, the necessity of nuclear medicine is more than obvious.
It is doubtful that the change of attitude of many doctors towards nuclear medicine will CQwe from within the medical proffessioa itself- Each profession seems to have.a built-in inertia to reject innovations. the pressure will come from the fact that more people are〖exposed t^o the risks of radiation due to an increasing use' of nuclear-powered technologies,, the leakage of nuclear wastes, the growing fear of nuclear wars, arid the organized peace movement.
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