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THE CANADIAN JEWISH REVIEW
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ONCE AGAIN/ EICHMANN PLEADING FOR HIS LIFE BEFORE FIVE SUPREME COURT JUDGES IN JERUSALEM
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secuted the Jewish people and not the Czech people."
Simon Agranat, a Kentucky-born justice who speaks Hebrew with an American accent, retorted that the persecution of a civilian population was in question and that was "a crime against humanity."
The plundering legions, of the Nazis and the Fascists stripped the Jews of Europe of $27 billion in property, assets and income, even selling the clothing and the old from the teeth of those mur-ered in concentration camps. Several Jewish communities had to pay Germany for bullets used to kill their fellow Jews, and for urns holding the ashes of deported and gassed leaders.
The Nazis took 17 tons of gold from the teeth of Jews murdered in gas chambers or shot to death. They robbed the Jews of everything from real estate' and businesses to jewelry, furniture, and money, says the New York Herald Tribune. Many times, after plucking their Jewish victims clean of every article they owned, the Nazis forced them to transfer all their foreign holdings to the Reich under threat of death.
The Nazis used every method in the tyrant and gangster book to get their hands on Jewish property �� confiscation, boycott, pillage, ransom, murder, huge taxes levied on whole communities and all varieties of extortion.
Of the $27 billion extorted from Jewish people, only ?6 billion has been paid back in reparations, restitution, and compensation to the survivors of the six million Jews whom the Nazis and Fascists murdered in a little more than ten years.
These estimates were printed in a pamphlet, "Spoliation and Remedial Action," by Dr. Nehemiah Robinson, director of the Institute of Jewish Affairs of the World Jewish Congress. The values given were those applicable at the time the property was grabbed, and would be 60 to 70 per cent higher today than the $27 billion estimate.
Besides the actual property taken, Dr. Robinson said, the amount of lost income ranges between $10 billion and $15 billion.
At the end of 1961, compensation claims in West Germany totalled 3,071,662, and 2,200,000 cases have been adjudicated.
Of the restitution measures, he said: "Nowhere were the remedies as complete as the spoliation. In most cases they were restricted to restoration of the alienated or confiscated property which was still available at the time of restitution, leaving unrecompensed the values of dissolved enterprises and the damages inflicted on returnable property, failing to provide remuneration for non-receivable assets."
The WJC, representing Jewish communities in 64 countries, says the New York Herald Tribune, was the group which at the end of World War II made the estimate that six million Jews had died under the Nazis and Fascists.
"In general," Dr. Robinson said, "spoliation was carried out � at least in theory � in two stages: (a) the period of anti-Jewish legislative measures; although this legislation was frequently accompanied by extra-legal acts, these were exception rather than the rule; (b) the period of total Jewish disfranchisement, when everything that was left from the first period was seized and utilized by administrative action.
"In practice, the two 'stages' were not infrequently only two aspects of the same measures. Even in Germany, where the semblance of 'legality' was the greatest, the 1933 boycott and, in particular, the 1938 pogroms coincided in time with the 'legal' measures of spoliation. In Austria, extra-legal measures were applied from the start: looting and extortions, as well as deportations from the provinces followed by loss of assets, already caused considerable material losses at an early time.
"As in the case of the general treatment of the Jews, the extra-
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legal measures in this field were intensified after the start of the war. In Poland, plunder and looting of Jewish businesses and homes was the order of the day from the start of the invasion and before any legislative action was taken or even possible.
< "Expulsion of Jewish populations from the Polish regions which were incorporated into the Reich, and certain other places in Poland, resulted in the total abandonment of the Jewish assets, except for the most necessary belongings which could be carried away. The flight before the invader both in the West and in the East had the same effect.
"At the same time spoliation on the basis of laws' and decrees went on everywhere. The deportations and later the annihilation of Jews from and in all countries under German domination or influence represented,from the viewpoint of spoliation, the ultimate in extent because, as-we shall see. whatever the deportees were still able to carry with them was seized and utilized by the Nazi when the Jews were murdered."
When spoliation was complete, Dr. Robinson pointed out, the Nazi conquerors were not yet through. Forced labor resulted, says the New York Herald Tribune. Then came ransom, in which the Nazis, desperately needing foreign exchange, permitted Dutch and Slovak Jews to emigrate upon the payment of huge sums. There also were payments to stay deportation. The deportations achieved the ultimate, which was accomplished in three stages: "resettlement," transfer to an annihilation camp, and extermination.
"The prevailing lawlessness bred widespread extortions, some semilegal," Dr. Robinson said. "In Romania, for example, Jews were forced to pay billions of lei in gratuities to officials. In Slovakia tens of thousands of dollars were paid surreptitiously to avoid deportation. The same was done in Yugoslavia. In Poland, faked identity cards were a source of Jewish despoliation. The semilegal "Kennkarten," supplied since 1942 by municipal officials, cost from 2,000 to 5,000 zlotys apiece."
Describing one example of spoliation at the time of the resettlement in Poland, Dr. Robinson cited the order of the Supreme Mayor of Lodz requiring Jews to place at the disposal of the ghetto administration of the city all their machines, reichsmarks, foreign exchange, coins, jewels, textiles, leather, and other raw materials, while the disposal of house furnishings and food was undertaken by the city's commissary.
In Hungary, special committees were established to lock and seal Jewish apartments and shops. Perishable objects and animals were seized by municipal officials, says the New York Herald Tribune. Money, securities, gold and silverware were transferred to the National Bank.
Deported Jews were permitted to take with them the clothes they were wearing, two changes of underwear and a small amount of luggage that included mattresses and blankets. They were subjected to a rigid physical search. When they arrived at the concentration camps, everything was seized.
"The arrivals in Auschwitz had to deposit their belongings before passing through the showers,1* Dr. Robinson said. "When they passed, everything deposited vanished. Eyewitnesses testified to large quantities of gold collected within two days in Belzec. There were, in addition, dollar bills, diamonds and other valuables. In Treblinka, veritable mountains of suitcases, textiles, underwear, etc., were collected.
"Nothing was too small for them (the Nazis), not even the hair of the victims: the hair of all women, before being sent to the gas chamber, was cut and put into sacks to be used for the war effort; hair of men was also. used. In one reported case alone six carloads containing 3,000 kilos (a kilo is about two pounds) of human hair were dispatched.
"Gold fillings in the teeth were wrenched and used either for SS
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