APHIL 12/1963
VAN^IIXIAItl I<�ri8BH|l�VIBW
� illlKllll
Rabbi, Native Of
Rabbi Neil Gillman, Associate Registrar, Rabbinical Department of The Jewish Theological Seminary of, America, has been awarded a Kent fellowship for the academic year 1063*64. Rabbi Gillman, a native of -Quebec City, who resided at 40J. Lemeflurier Avenue, Quebec, a 1050 graduate of McGill University, in Montreal, received his Master's degree from the Seminary and was ordained there in 1060. He will use his grant to complete his dissertation for his Ph.D. on the philosophy of ^religion*. at Columbia University, in New York.
Kent Graduate Fellowships have been awarded to 21 outstanding men and women, according to an "announcement by the Danforth Foundation. The recipients, selected from more than 300 applicants, were chosen for their remarkable promise as leaders within higher education in North America.
The Kent Graduate Fellowship program seeks to identify and encourage graduate students who are preparing for teaching or administration in American colleges and universities and who combine excellence in scholarship with a genuine religious commitment which they hold relevantxto their chosen profession. The Fellowships provide up to three years of graduate study with an annual minimum stipend of $1,500 for a single person and $2,000 for a married person, plus tuition and fees.
Kent Fellowships were established in 1022 as part of the program of National Council on Religion in Higher Education under the leadership of Professor Charles Foster Kent to advance the concern for religion in liberal education. The support and administration of the Kent Fellowships were assumed by the Danforth Foundation on September 1, 1062. The Foundation was established in Utfe.Mr. and Mrs.
William H. Danforth to strengthen higher education through its own programs and through grants to colleges, universities, and other educational agencies.
THE WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING AND ITS HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
(Continued from Page Six) group of twenty had two guns and some home-made bombs which had to be ignited by matches; they had a revolver and a grenade.
The Jewish Fighters Organization, known by the Polish initials ZOB, was established in July, 1942, and consolidated in November, 1942. Its backbone was the youth organizations of the various Zionist groups: Hechalutz, Hashomer Hatzair,. Poalei-Zion Zeirei-Zion (Mapai), Dror, Hanoar Hateioni and Akiba (General Zion-isto), and Poale Zion Left. They were joined by groups of the Bund and the Polish Workers Party, and assisted by unorganized Jewish youth. In addition to the ZOB, there were also the Jewish Military Union (known as ZZW) and independent groups-There were men and women among them, but also children aged 14 to 15.
The Jewiih Fighters Organizm-
tion was commanded by a Gen-erar Staff, wbise head was the legendary Mord�chat Anlelewicz, of Hashomer Batzair.
The members, of the General Staff were: Yitzhak Cukierman (Hechalute), Marek Edclman (Bund), Hersz Berlinski (Left Poale Zion) Johanan Morgenstern (Poalel Zion-Z�irei Zion), and Michael Rozenfejd' (Communist). Of them, only; Cukierman and Edelman survived.
The last phase of the armed struggle started on April 19, 1048. It was Passover. It had all the trimmings of a regular war, including daily bulletins by the two warring aides. Stroop reported dally to his superior in Cracow, and the Jewish Fighters Organization issued battle communiques and reports. There were also secret reports of the Jewish Underground.
Unite of the SS and German police with armored cars marched into the ghetto on April 19. It was no surprise to the ghetto fighters: although the German plan was kept secret, it actually became known to the ghetto two days in advance of that date.
Stroop claimed that the ghetto resistance fighters were very well informed about all measures of the German Administration, The invaders were met with Molotov cocktails and gunfire. The Germans retreated after a number of their men had been killed, 24 wounded, and two armored cars disabled. The rejoicing among the Jewish fighters was great: "Those German heroes retreated, afraid and terrorized by Jewish homemade bombs and hand grenades."
The Jewish resistance stunned the Germans: the predecessor of General Stroop, SS Colonel Sam-mem-Frankenegg, who led the operation did not expect it at all. When it came, he panicked and informed Stroop that the fight was lost, and that he decided to ask his superiors for "Stukas" (dive bombers) to quell the uprising. Somehow Stroop talked him out of it.
The Nazis returned the next day, with a 300-man SS unit and were me$ agjain j with fire. The Germans rofleSdf Out artillery and set aflame the houses from which the resistance was mounted. The struggle continued from day to day, causing large numbers of casualties, mainly among women, children, and old people, and the destruction of more and more plants and houses in the ghetto. The Jewish fighters held out even in burnt-out houses. Nazi units had to force" themselves into every house to seize the Jewish resistors.
Bulletin Number 5 of the Jewish Fighters Organization described in the following words the conditions under which they had to fight as of April 22: "The ghetto waa all day long enveloped in a thick smoke cloud, increasing in intensity from hour to hour. Undoubtedly the Germans had decided simply to smoke out the ghetto, having in the meantime realized that they could not break their resistance in open fight Thousands of women and children were burnt to death in the houses, some appearing in burning clothes, looking like living torches. But the Fighters1 decision not to give in waa not weakened, even under these circumstances."
Mrs. Lubetkfn described in her testimony that during the first days Jews were embracing and kissing each other on the streets: they lived to see the day of revenge for. their brethren.
To break the Jewish resistance, the Nazis divided the ghetto on April 23, into 24 districts, and dispatched to each of them a strong force of shock troops. All the -heroic deeds of the Jewish fighters were of no avail against these troops. Pour days after the start of the action it became clear. to the leadership that they were doomed, bat the main objecthr* of the uprisfaf, a* AnWewia so Vividly'ttpfsSsed it to his deputy, Ookkrmajl (who was on th� Aryan aids,I*, ootaide the fWtto), was aeUsved: "Th* ghetto was defending Kself."
Because of the German strategy, the mala activity of the Jewish from April ft �*-*-**l
amounted to 56,061), In addition? five to' sU tbouj in explosions > over 56,000, some 7�( during the action, and-6,91$ deported at once to. dia in Tte-blinka, = ".-. .-.-.' .,.�,-'. '':-. ��'.:%:�,;
The Nails had ^de^oy'v^L^ bunkera and all hut. "sight bouses of the ghetto, in order to quell the uprising.
An undetermined number of Jews succeeded in escaping to the Aryan aide. The difficulties encountered were described in a report by the Jewish National Committee of Poland of May 24, 1944, in the following words:
"On May 10, 1948, two sorties of members of the Jewish Fighters Organization in the Aryan Quarter of Warsaw snatched from the jaws of death 80 of their comrades still in the ruins of the ghetto. They were conducted through sewage canals and brought to the Aryan side in broad daylight, almost under the eyes of the German gendarmes and police."
Although the large-scale action ended by proclamation of Stroop on May 16, 1943, it did not signify the actual end to the fighting: for weeks thereafter sporadic fights still took place in the ghetto. Individual fighters and whole .groups of them hidden in the burnt down houses continued to fight desperately.
The ghetto uprising made a great impact on the Polish population. The ghetto became known among the Poles as the Ghetto-
_ (^adaptation .^.StftliQ.
:3!!yfejE&^ betw^^ fhe^ fighters and
the Polish workers' underground was maintained, the material assistance received by' the Jews was
in partisan wmrfar*. ft conttotied wfli** fatertpptian to the ted �f tW U*ffc*ak *cttoa, �a May INS* wfcee, aeeordteff to At *�W mttaber <rf Jews
Stroop, In Warsaw prison after war, claimed that the Polish population showed an extremely passive attitude toward the fight. The Polish police assisted actively in the crushing of the uprising, the Polish Government-in-Exile waited until May 18, 1943, with a call to the Polish people to help the ghetto fighters. This happened after five months of frantic efforts by Jews, at a ^ime when it was already too late. Young Poles, apparently belonging to the underground, permitted Jews to escape through sewage canals only when paid 10,000 zlotys per person. The Jewish Fighters had thus to count only upon themselves.
Stroop himself was visibly impressed by the resistance. He stated in his report on the ghetto action that new fighting groups, twenty to thirty pr in larger numbers, of Jewish youth, aged 20 to 26, with a corresponding number of women among them, again and again kindled new resistance. These groups had orders to fight until the last man and to commit suicide rather than to be taken prisoner. The women were armed in the same way as the men. Frequently they fired from pistols in both hands. According to Stroop, the Germans observed over and over again that
i� MI Mumr QMH unvn ft
Askfor
i ^^^ ^^^ ^^ ft
The Best in the House
\
by Hiram Walker
The lightest whisty in the worid
Jews, despite burning fires, preferred to return to the ghetto instead of surrendering.
The struggle of the Ghetto fighters was against, overwhelm-
ing odds. In the end, the powerful enemy achieved its goal and Stroop could "proudly" report to his superior: "The former Jewish Quarter of Warsaw exists no more."
�ate* and kmown
� roost effective filter tip yet developed � choicest, extra rnfld Virginia tobaccos
� rich flavour, exceptional smoothness x � firmly packed for longer-lasting smoking pleasure
du MAURIER
A **ol!y Milder Hfefc ftvdf* Wytofo Ggorette with the EXQUSIVE
SUPER RLTER