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Coming to terms with generations of conflict
Professor discusses reconcialiation between the children of Holocaust victims and Nazi perpetrators.
KITTY HOFFMAN SPECIAL TO THE JEWISH BULLETIN
Astep towards reconciliation in dealing with the impact of the Holocaust was described recently in "Victoria by Professor Daniel Bar-On of Ben Gurion University in Israel. Speaking at Victoria's Art Gallery, at the invitation of the Victoria Holocaust Remembrance and Education Society, Bar-On spoke about his work with an on-going group of Germans and Jews whose parents were either Holocaust survivors or Nazi perpetrators.
Most work with and studies on the impact of the Holocaust has focused on survivors of the Holocaust and their children and grandchildren. Until recently, virtually no public attention was paid to the legacy of the Holocaust for those whose parents instituted the Nazi regime and carried out the systematic killing of millions of Jews. Bar-On is a pioneer in the study of the impact of the Holocaust on children of survivors, and virtu- *^"" ' ~ ally the only person working with groups towards reconciliation.
His work with TLT — "To Reflect and Trust," the name which the group gave itself, has led Bar-On to other work in reconciliation with inheritors of the effects of enmity and atrocity in other areas of conflict such as South Africa, Northern Ireland and between Israeli Jews and Palestinians.
An Israeli native whose parents left Germany in 1925, Bar-On notes that his family's early departure from Europe made him one of the few of his generation of Israelis to "grow up with grandparents." He also grew up with a legacy of speaking German wdth his grandparents, and of viewing German culture as part of his personal cultural heritage; this straddling of cultures
[Reconciliation] is an extraordinarily slow process, that can only be achieved in small groups, and with the gradual building up of mutual tnist.
would help him in his later work.
Bar-On began as a psychologist working with the impact of Holocaust trauma on survivore and theu- children in Israel, and soon foimd that one of the mrgor issues at the time was a "conspiracy of silence" between non-survivors who judged the survivors' alleged passivity and conveyed an imspoken message not to speak, and the survivors who had to focus on creating new lives from nothing and who had no language to speak of their experience. Bar-On has titled one of his books Tlie Indescribable and the Inexpressible.
Early on in his work with sur-^^^^^ vivors and their descendants, Bar-On encountered the difficulty that special techniques and approaches were needed, for example, with such basic notions as a definition of "normalcy" under these conditions. It was only with psychological work in the late 70s and '80s, focusing on Vietnam War veterans, that "posttraumatic stress **""""**""'""""* syndrome" was identified, and the concomitant view that survivors' behaviors were neither "normal" nor "abnormal," but rather individual responses to abnormal conditions and situations.
By the mid-1980s, Bar-On's psychological curiosity led him to be interested in the psychological impact of the Holocaust on descendants of the Nazi perpetrators, although he never intended to do the research himself, believing that it would more appropriately be done by a German investigator. He was disquieted to learn that no such work was being or had been done, and eventually began the work himself to fill this gap ofimderstanding.
His initial search for children of perpetrators was veiy difficult, as there was in Germany a high
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