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■..The'--WTiter..ia、often:a_sked.t)y:--.,fpreigTlerS,''.t<>、8aiy..:...n:oUiing、 of:, so me Japanese, as totheOirighvQr"MarU"usさdforJap^nesケ:v": :'8els,:.which- is〗usぃa3::Vjag^ue:」a3: Japan，s、mythology/,:!Man,幼eQrif^ォ end. 二 views: have::been :,&4vAHce^'buぃ）io，ici:.'ortJVenv'?eゃm.:t0 b^' <iui" convincing.
■. ..ITV 6Men days'-.the'':"'ゎ.rcl，.m:在i"u" ^y■&s':: & t<^ilTiV:. .'oit::eTid"rmen;t 'oir pet name as evidenced by the fact ，hmtれwasぉi々もii:—to^iariioiu3
mani>， for dog,"besides uSihgiにforships.:Iぃsさemsthl4t,'mai:u" began- to., be: used画丄jfor :sliips::.Airii^ぉ：：thも1atter:p:&i"iカf、.T^ひku.gawa' Shogunate poriod (1卯0i-13勿)ふi"幼rlyMe〖ぉE?ri "868-1911).
-During'.thelaUer》ar.t:or-Tokui^a、v".,''Sh9^UT)aLt^p^V、iod.,.J^nese: ■vtssdls. .saned to ::forQi余iv:eo-u.i、.tries.c&rr3^:inぃ."Hin9—;ni—a-r'u'.'ニ.,:oi^-.-Ri-Sm Sun rflags. :Therefore, 'one':of;: th'e ;yie'Vv"AJvanced:,iさ：キha.t .:さineeVJia; ■■■■paii'ose craft hoi—s—ted ..,'nゅ.?^U"::ズほぉs， tliey.:.begah;:lie3firig'::,theリrtぉnき'
■ or"mai'u".—as'i'l^anriiv "ぉ1^111，'.、、')1!(;)\:<:'1»1""6<1..<7&1)|£10，さ-:ぉ1'3ぃも11ャ6, t<i' ■■■■ America^::-. . :.—::-■".•■:::■:-?'..,::■:'::•.■•::.:.■■■.:.'■:、,：
-It js: interesting -'''tonote .tha;t therケbeingv:■"(>'■■ ，.a.、、'•■ stipUlatinき: .U"iぃ"mfU"U:,:be-ad(lぉ.::U):the.shi.p..rtariies..."in havmぉ.-ノ:Uve"レregi3tere《 thei'o.ai'o s"bme.ノJ;apanese::、'ebsもls saus.'."niaru,',...suc|v:,as>the'."GrQce，，. Hnd the., "ftappiness,?...thもKatQ, !^扭ili:n.，s' sightsieeing '.ve.s.sels. -plyin]?-. ill,the picturesqu(j,Iniand Sea.
:、Be:':t.hfttas:ii may,ゃrof.ノratsゅ、に亇analca.of Kobe.'Uni、'er.sはy ,-.of:..Mei"caTitile. Marim>*1»as. ■ written-papers: on'-the 'origin, 、vhich、is
■ printed,iひone.pf'-the. igsivcs—'of."Revie、、'":■ published/b^^ .tもe:Univer-:'.sはy.へL0t::u3:.study:.':his…theoryz::The:'prof(essor of 'History: 、vrites'
.iiiJap.an:ese'iTvpart.as.foUo、vs1 . ■■
'Fro.m oldeiv.dayすJapatieさesiiips bore the'name 0f:"maru，， .but; ..e、:er'sJ乖'the GひvもrnnientencoUi'aged 'the'use■■ of "Maru" for ship iiiiiiiC"s'silice.the. Me iji ..ImperialR eおme'.Restoration'Era ■(.1868-1911), .with.曙'-the introductio n'■■ of. "Marine '.LaW, Procedure,,, "Man! "'has' -■■-bc-c6T"e'—popularly..'used .for Ja—paiie^e vessels, as'"Mpu".:ships.:
.Ho、、: ever, .there, are no'.: theories yet:'which arV. convincing" as ■■•to t.he.'Mse''of:"]iiaru，, -for "panese' craft. Of coiTrse, more than :■■】0 theories .have been .advocated to date 'as to the origin of "Maru," eiich'advancing his own reason for it. But nolie: of them .is co nvInching, to us.
Izuru Niijiina，..Shoichi.Oita, tJmekichi.Isawa,.Mfltsutaro':Mi--nan、i ..and othersぉave 'an.nouncedゅeir. papers' and we are】nuch benefited by them. However, practically all.of 'them aire based upon modern history, neglecting ancient and medievalhistoricalback-
■ grounds.' Shizuo Matsuoka, howe、'er， ：began' from the oriぉtt 'of' the、vor(レ"inaru" but he has not traced it down to the ，"e(Heval amV modern ages..
..■The word "niaro，' or "歸ru" appears, in. ancienぃlitera.ture. From olden 'days it' has been in use 'as a person's name and also' as ii pro】i(?u». But as.:.a齢"er of,fact, the:、v6r(1derived from the Korean''word meaning' "government office", or "buikUng." It was .'introi^uced. to.'Japan..in ear)y years. -U'niay'.be,.the age-when numeri-
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::'.Th《:I^o、fean--.:\v.<^j^、'.meani^g:."govei"hin6nl'bf.fice" :!fiter,began 'to'
inKore汰:.'站eVi4«n<ied.:'.l)/::.the..:fact;'ぐtiijit:' th,e:-4.さsce.1vd仰t5 ":olノiTpreiails. :;>^|io.::fliiigTate<i::、6...i]raiipwへ6れe:ii:bpi"e:: the.:.lia;me:::ofv"Mおi?，■,，■' ■
in jぉi)in.: AS ;Mi^ー]^各幽pl^ft ニさdvもc"t63, the v^oi*d- "m"ru"—〗n-"fo:lioか •Msr^. den" C?Q，加'liai^ -i>alace)—of:~^aiind- Dyiiaぉty. show^;Viに^i 1Uitsh6】l/ゅe oriきinoまゅe Word,the,&uゅor believed Iti theni,e<UcS'dl
、v;oi"c1 "でsiihiai:u," :.' 、 ：■■、''■■:.■■:-•.、一
j Acicording to "Tokai Shokoku Ki" (Rc^cord of Countries in !^i)kai. Region)', "T^u-maru", becaii?ie the isourte of .the.:-word,,of "Toi—maruノ， Therefore, in. thisもjise from佳eれne mねninit oi? "pairu,, itbegぉnineanmg large byiWings or mansioi\s ^nd. finally it bもgjftn de.no"ng the'-residency "t.poyeiful:p+e6plふo'r:c.asUe imihlings.
.On t)ie 0ゅef hand, th'e word "maTp,，カr ."m卿"used 'as.a per-. SG:n,s .nams: h"s also仰dei"gone n帅erous changes .m mea帅g. :-From,the pronoim "I"-it.-began'meaning a ten.n of endearmeiit or expression of beauty, StiU it also retained the originalmean, ing of "govemrpe"t Qffice., However, 邻iきlit say that it. has almost cofnplete!y'lost:Us oriぉnal.meaning as'.it h'as chankぉ:.なom persoixal.pr6noun to a ..honorific .p:ronoun, then-to :a term of dndem'-mciit,: expression of beauty and finally:lo humorous expression.
During the middle of.He ian Period (794-1185) "maru" began :'さxpwssihg:.'spirit " its temJency, such as Sarunm'u. for "saru" .(monkey) and Nukimaru for s、vord， .which were supposed to: have sup.ern"uvalpowers,.llie usも：of -"mani"for .ships priginated under siich c ireリm stances, ok fen .days Japanese tr ess tired ships greatly, :0m' ancestors called vessels' "floating, 'treasures"' and I'e.garded .othe.m.: as so.mething spiritual.
Therefore, the. use of "maru" for ship bjr the people of the Umさ'was. regarded .as the、"spiritualization" of vessels, .Some'might, s.ay that it is' the: result of the impersonificatioiv.of ship'.and still otiiers migiit..纽y as a sig^iof endearment:and so oん■ ■
Th.e autho r'will■ not d are'to'raise .objectio ns to'such ways of thinking' But he believes tliat the use of "maru" for shij) has the. same meaning: as the use :of "maru" for fam0us ■ swords'さuring. the Kamakura Period (1185>1333)， such as " Hi幼maru" and "Nuki-maru." The mere theory of '"脂ru" being a term of endearnient williioぃbe 'able to explain the.origin.of ■■ the 、vorさ,'maru."
■ .There .is a person who: advocates 'that "maru" for ship is .the same asノ'iuai'u，， for. "Toimaru trading fh'm."'Both have con-■nections. with maritime,affairs. Therefore, .such theory might at-tmct the. at.tentioivof the. people. However, the author Relieves that both "啤i'u,' nnisぃlui、-e derived., from tもe. same ■:word .'but ■ have, sho)vn .development toward '(Ufferent' directions, though he'(ioes not necessai'ilj^ reject the-above，menticmed theory as.ヌ.roundless.ー.
AnotherA'ie、\^ is thaf"maru，， was used. for. ships atui buildings -belonging, only .to, powerful■ personages but Prof. Minami has aレ ■ready refuted suclitheory. ■ !^eはher. can the author agree to such, leas oiling. As a matter of fact, 'the Bando Maru,' whicli was variむ-ed'to be the'first'ship in J a pan. to • bear the. name of "Maru" belonged to a private peねon in K" Province.
•Of,course, 'there ?ire cases, of 'the use of.((niani,， for. ships and Ciastle buildings' owned'by powerful persons, such as the Goza Maru' Go s ho'Maru and the Haゅiman Maru of th e. M uromachi: Period ,ひ'392-■,1568).-".、vhich were- 0、vned.by Shogunャoshimochi. This does not mean-that "in am", was: used only for those belonging to the powerful.
About .this time "inaru', .also became ta^'be u—sed .::£01.:huぉe structures, such' as To.i-Maru. Therefore, it ..would, be :proper t-o reason that, the 、vea1thy. and'-powerful.juきt happened to Se:tlie own ers'of. such ships-and buildings. ■
.'-きy the 、vay, 'as to the. word "miaru" seen in.the name of a place, -judging from tlie' historical..records, to' date 、ve can say.'もat it. has
d erive<I'frpm: a: person's nきme and in so me. cases fronv tfie':name'of a ■ pet anim" or &on> .the nan\es of famed .castles, and mansions, 'Ac-
ミoゅngly， the 、vonJ "maru" seen in the name oJTapkceliasadぱ-ゴerent meaning ftom that used for ship'.or 'bailding.
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