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懷雅遜舉院歷史系講師
CJRT電台公開學院 課程策劃人
DESMOMD 6LYNN
赛論文
"當愛爾蘭人的眼睛在微笑…… "這句歌詞曾套用在兩年前於魁北 克市舉行的-白花酢漿草（愛爾蘭 國花）"高峰會議上•當時*北美
^；兩A最有名的愛爾蘭人士一一美 國總，列根及加國總統梅隆尼曾一 起詠^上述的歌詞；保守黨黨魁當 時更宣稱美加之間的緊張關係將有 新突破，從此脫離前執政黨的執政 的手法。
梅隆尼與杜魯多不同之處•晷前:
者爲一位並不害羞^美洲人。«於 與美國有更密切的經濟聯繫一事'
梅隆尼並沒有感到有任何困擾。在 他正式上任後•國內|6源計劃及國
外投資審核局一一自i由黨於七十年 代設立的兩胞經濟國I家主義特徵 一一均被梅隆尼撤消I。近年來從沒 有一位總理像梅隆尼一般'爲着與 美國實施自由貿易而令加國的經 濟前景受到極大的威脅。
過去數天來•梅隆:尼的眼睛相信 已不能如上述歌詞所:描寫的一般的 微笑•出現"黑眼ri"或者售較
貼切。因爲美國華府―加國入口的 杉木蓋屋板及木瓦板*施徼收關稅 條例。正當美加決荦^^兩國之間 的貿易屛障.•而開始進行渴望已久 的貿易裟判之際，加拿f大的蓋屋板 和木瓦板卻要附加百分之三十五的
入口觴稅。是項闢稅E年內木變， 據估計•生意額每年最：高可能損失 二百五十萬元•卽共^失十億元&
的對象o但美國製瑋is並不擔憂< 他們認爲關稅的形式近似加拿大消 費者繳付的課稅•而不暴特定的關 稅。易言之•美國製造商仍可在此
其貨品
o
保守黨對此又有何威麁昵？實際 上他們亦因擻收關稅的消息而喪胆 @雖然會有人建議向鰣P施以報復 ,但財政部長韋遜的s應則相當懦 美國產品已成爲增加關稅
WHEN ARE
FYT?Q
-Tiff I i   I I I I ^
9 When Irish eyes are smiling.to•' that was the sugary sentimentality which coated the Shamrock Summit two short years ago when. North Americaf s two most famous Irishmen got together at Quebec( City，    President Reagan and Prime Minister Mulroney sang together and the Tory leader praised the occasion as a new departure in the strained Cdnadia|n American relations which characterized the adihiaistration of his Liberal predecessors.
Unlike Trudeau, Mulroney is am unabashed continentalist. He— sees nothing disturbing about closer economic ties with the US. Upon, taking office he quickly dismantled the National Energy Program and the Foreign Investment Review Board 一 two symbols of Liberal economic nationalism during the truculent seventies.   More than any other Prime Minister in recent times he has staked Canada's economic future on free trade with the US.
In the past few days, howevers Mulroney's eyes have been anything but smiling.    If any thing they are a distinctive black.   The result of a battering administered by Washington's tariff duties on Canadian cedar shakes and shingles.    Just days into the long awaited trade talks, designed to reduce trade barriers between the US and Canada Canadian shingles and shakes were bludgeoned with a prohibitive 3S* importf duty.
The duties will remain in place for five years say the Americans and estimates place the lost business as high as $2S0 million' annually - that's well over orie billion dollars all together•
Hov does it feel to the Tories?   They have been shaken to
the core.    But despite calls for stiff retaliation agaiast the US, the initial response from Finance Minister Wilson hasfbeen timid indeed.   A number of American . products have been targeted for increased duties,    fiut American manufactures are not worried? they claim the duties are more in the nature of a tiax on Canadian conusmers rather thari a restrictive tariff.   In other words they will be still able to sell their products here.
So why is Mr. Wilson being so soft?   The answer is not hard to find.    Ottawa fears Jan all out trade war with the Americans. We can no morel win a trade war than we could a real war!   At the beginning of the veek the laternational Traded Commissiom (American) threatened further import duties on Canadian steel products; ranging up to 40^； as much as $100 million dollars in exports may be endangered.
The recent Americaa actions underline an aspect! of the ongoing trade talks! which until this point have not! received sufficient attention this side of the border-    It is blandly assumed by many Canadians that we can have a free trade arrangement witli the US when we] like.    We can order it up like a Big Mac at llcponalds.   Such is! not true and never has been true! in Canadian-American trade relations.    We have?always had to go begging.for access to the American market.     ' -
Trade talks have〖 always been ardous and fought with dangers to our economic and political sovereignty.   The threats of the International Trade! Commission are a case in pointi    It. has justified its actio杠on the basis of what it deems toj be 'unfair competition* -   Canadlian steel manufacturers get a: subsidy from
the Canadian government' and are thus able to sell their; products more cheaply in the American market.   fQiat the Commission is saying in effect is that if Canadian manufacturer $ want access to the American market, they will have to stop getting handouts from Ottawa. ： Does this mean the Commission can tell Ottawa what to do?   In. a limited sense the answer is yes.
It,is precisely this kind of thing which has Canadian ^ nationalists worried with respect to the free trade talks.
The Tories are finding out something about Mr. Reagan that perhaps they have not wanted to face previously.   He can be a tough 一 even deceptive 一 customer to deal with. -
And as if the Americans were not hard enough to deal! with, Mr. Mulroney has another tough opponent
to handle - the provinces. They too are looking over his shoulder. This week/ they made it clear to Ottawa that they want a big share in the negotioations with the Americans.   Some like Ontario1s Peterson and Quebec0 s Bourassa are i insisting on having a veto over what is   put( on the table for disc^issiori。 The import duties on cedar shingles and shakes hit the British Columbians very hard. The central provinces are]determined that their interests are going to be protected.    Peterson is especially.worried over the ^ vulnerable Auto Pact.\ Another guarantee the provinces are detna-riding is the right to I ratify whatever treaty is eventually reached.    The Prime Minister, then, is going-to have to fight oa two fronts.   His skills as a 1 negotiator will be tested as never before.   And surely it is not too_4nuch to -say^his political reputation and future I will ride on. iiow well he meets this test.
那麽陣遜的態度爲何那jfeS和？ 答案非常簡單•渥京怕與挺鞸發生 •貿易戰爭"。加拿大要贏
易戰爭並不！^一場眞正 上暴期''國際貿易委員會（卖國） 威脅加國•徵牧«J鐵產品關稅，稅 額大約是百分之四十•儋値一億元
的加國出口商品將受到烕臂o
美國最^採取的行動，遶一步證 實至目前爲止•此間對貿易談判缺
乏足夠的關注-不少加入以爲與美 國的自由貿易安排，是隨我們喜歡 。就如在快^店叫漢堡飽那般快捷 及容易'這是絕割錯誤的觀念。事 實上我們需要時常設法闖;\美國市
貿易談判通常都是+分艱巨的师. 且亦會影响加'國的經濟反政治主權
O國際貿易委員會以*不公平競爭 "的論點爲根據實是値得商榷的。 加拿大鋼鐡製造商獲得加國政府的 補助•因此可以以较便童的偉格銷 往美國市場。委員會眞《的意思g
•如果加拿大鋼鐡製造商希望打入
美國市場-他in必須停止向渥京索 取補助o這i否意味委員會在吿訴 渥京應該怎麼樣橛？不錯rflfe們正 有此意思。這也是一些、愛國加人所
憂的^
保守黨已在美國總統列根身上發 -些他們^想面對的東西，那就 是列根可以是二觸相當強硬及靠不
住的， 一—
就算美國人不是最灘處理，的問 "梅隆尼需要面對的另r睏強勁咪 手是一一加國省份•所有侧長也S 嚴密監視梅隆p的行動。本星期、
不少省長已淸表示他們希望在與 美國的貿易談判方面能佔铰大的份
兒* 一些如安省彼德遜及魁省布朗: 沙更不斷要求有否決貿易談判所研
討的事宜的權利o杉木蓋屋板及木
蓋板入口,稅煞卑詩省打擊最大。 加國中鄯的省份亦決定保障該省的 利益。彼德竭:爲擔憂脆弱的，汽
車協約"o因此，梅隆尼總理現畤
呵謂兩面受敵一他的談判才幹正式
受到考驗o不用多說•梅隆尼的歐
治磬望反前景將完全倚賴在今次交
涉的表現上。,
畔^阁牧
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