THE CANADIAN JEWISH REVIEW
IDLY 17. ItSfl
MONTREAL
MARRIAGES
MILLER-GELBER
ft
The marriage of Miss Jessica Gelber, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. David Geloer, 802 Lansdowne Avenue, to William I. Miller, son of Isadore Miller, 4611 Linton Avenue, and the late Mrs. Fanny Miller, took place in the chapel of Shaar Hasnomayim Synagogue, on Sunday, June 7, at half-past six o'clock. Rabbi Wilfred Shu-chat officiated, assisted by Cantor Nathan Mendelson and Reverend J. J. Fromm. The bride was given in marriage by. her father- She was gowned in white organza, cut with a fitted bodice; a square neckline and white shoulder straps; and a skirt of looped tiers. Her shoulder-length veil of tulle illusion was combined
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with a coronet of seed-pearl-beads and she carried a prayer book adorned with gladioli blossoms and lilies of the valley. Misses Donna Evin and Dulcie Evin, twin cousins of the-bride, were maids of honour, wearing gowns of pink nylon net with pink peau de soie cummerbunds. Pink and white carnations formed their crown headdresses and nosegays. Nahum Gelber, brother of the bride, was best man. The ushers were: Dr. H. Goldman, William Levitt, Arthur Bronstein, and Carl Gelber. Standards of white gladioli, carnations, and Southern smilax decorated the chapel. Mrs. David Gelber, mother of the bride, was in a sheath of coffee-coloured lace, with hat of the same shade; and a corsage of pink Sweetheart roses. Mrs. Samuel Goldberg, of Chicago, 111., cousin of the groom, was in beige lace, with a beige hat: and a corsage of pink orchids. Mr. and Mrs. William I. Miller spent their wedding trip at Grossinger's, in New York State. Here for the marriage were: Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Goldberg, of Chicago, 111.; Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Cnarney, Dr. and Mrs. David Zaris, and Mr. and Mrs. Julius Weiner; all of New York; Mr. and Mrs. -Seymour "Davis,. ..of" Ellenr berg, N. Y.; and Mr. and Mrs. M. Rabinovitch, Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Reiber, Mrs. Rose Reiber and son, Jack Reiner; all of To-
than Cohen, son of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Cohen, 4669 Park Avenue, took place in the Norman-die Room of the Sheraton Mount Royal Hotel, on Sunday, June 14, at three o'clock. Rabbi Wilfred Shuchat and Reverend J. J. Fromm officiated. The bride was given in marriage by her father. Gowned in white silk organza, appliqued with lace, sequins, and
f>earl-beads, she had a veil of tulle llusion draped to a coronet of matching lace similarly beaded, and carried a cascade bouquet of Sweetheart roses and stephano-tis. Mrs. Hyman Dennick, sister of the bride, as matron of honor, wore a gown of embroidered organza trimmed with pale blue satin; and matching satin headdress. She carried pink Sweetheart rosea and white stephano-tis. Bernard Cohen was best man for his brother. Here for the marriage were: Mr. and Mrs. Peter Baron, of Champlain, N. Y.; Dr. and Mrs. D. Kroin and son, Alfred, of Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.; Dr. and Mrs. S. Lefkowitz, of Trenton, N. J.; Mrs. Gertrude Gross, and Miss Rumanda Cu-doux, of New York.'
0. S. JEWISH SCHOOLS
(Continued from Page One)
ronto, Ont.
COHEN-BEECHER
The marriage of Miss Eisa Frances Beecher, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harris S., Beecher, 1575 Summerhill Avenue, to Joel Na-
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A survey of' 11,000 Jewish pu^ pils above the \age of 11 showed that more than 90 per cent accepted Jewish education as natural and desirable in the American environment. The \study was made by a commission of educators and laymen, which was headed from 1952 to 1957 by Dr. Oscar I. Jan-owsky, of City College of New York, and since 1957 by Dr. Milton R. Konvitz, of Cornell University.
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Jewish Farming In America
BY JOSMIA MTMEMIt*, Of VIHIUUW, N. J.
Only about two per cent of the Jewish population in the United States are engaged in agriculture (which is no longer identical with working on the soil). Two per cent is not much but more than 100,-000 people deriving a livelihood from agriculture! not a small number. In southern New Jersey, in and around Vineland, about 1,500 families, or about 6,000 Jews, are engaged in farming. Jewish farmers amount to about half of the total Jewish population of the region.
Jewish farming started here in 1882, when the "Am Olam" movement brought over the first pioneers from Russia. Many left the farms; and others came to settle in their place. Today, many of the Jewish farmers in the neighborhood are immigrants who came to the United States from Germany when the Nazis came to power and an even larger number are survivor* who came here after
is individualistic in his behavior and in his business activities. But the Jewish farmer prefers to live not far from other farms even if this is not so advisable for his business.
An example of the Jewish inclination for communal effort and activities is the fact that the Jewish farmers of New Jersey have been the first to organise and to lead farmers'.co-operatives of various kinds in an atmosphere not too favorable for non-private initiative. The conclusion is: Jewish farming will exist only where there is a Jewish farming community, with possibilities for social and communal living and for proper education of the children. This fact has long been known and observation in this part of the country confirms it fully. - -
Second: observation and personal inquiries of those who left farming show that, except for a
World War II.
The majority of the farmers by far specialize in poultry-raising, a branch of agriculture hardest hit by the present depression in agriculture. The prices of eggs and poultry have been very low since 1953 and many farmers (or their wives) must find additional jobs in order to make ends meet. During the first two years of the depression only a few quit; in the last two years their number has increased. A fair estimate
would be.ten per cent of the total. An estimate of those who quit farming in other centers of Jewish farming, Lakewood, for example, or in California, would probably be higher.
For years different opinions have been heard as to the reason for the failure of most attempts at establishing - Jewish agricultural colonies: the unfitness of Jews for agriculture; specific local difficulties; or the mistakes of those who organized the attempt. What conclusions can be drawn from the experience of Jewish farmers in southern New Jersey (which are probably true also for the other centers of Jewish farming in this country)?
First, the Jewish farmer has an inclination to live near and act
few cases, the principal reason-was simply economic: The number of those who left poultry-raising is in direct proportion to the price of eggs and chickens on the New York market.
Generally, unsuitability is hot the reason for going out of farming. This might have been true in times past when farming was different from what it is today and the way of life on a farm quite distinct from life, in town. Today, this aspect is secondary. Jhe ,tendency.Jn_fAmilu?-UL^the_
not only in the United States but almost everywhere, makes Jews more, and not less, suitable for farming. The smaller the difference between the way of life in country and town, and the smaller the diference between a farm business and other kinds of business, the less of a factor is the fact that Jews are not accustomed to agricultural occupations.
Fourth: there is no doubt but there does exist such a thing as a special adaptability or preponderance of a people or a certain group in a particular line of endeavor. It has very seldom anything to do with the endeavor being more or less physically strenuous or complicated. Very often it is impossible to find the reason why a nation, or the people of a certain country or province, develop a particular skill or the inclination for a particular trade-Adam Smith, the famous English economist, envisaged an ideal economic -order -in the�world - in which each nation w6uTd~pr6duce~ only that for which it was most suited and would therefore be able to produce�it at the lca9J cost; and the world would thus achieve not only group specialization but a specialization of nations. History shows us, nevertheless, that "specializations" of nations are not inherent and they can change due to objective, or even subjective, conditions, a profit mptive or patriotic fervor (as in Israel).
Jewish farming in America concentrated mostly on poultry-raising and to a lesser degree on dairy farming. It is difficult
with his fellow farmers (just the opposite of what Khrushchev stated as one of Jewish defects � their individualistic approach). The non-Jewish farmer likes to have his farm far from others,
United States is in a direction that makes any Jewish unsuitability for farming, if it ever existed, less and less of a factor.
This is the result of two processes in American farming: specialization and mechanization which make farming more and more like industrial production. The work, attitude and mentality of a farmer who produces, let us Bay, only sweet potatoes, could not possibly be the same as that of a farmer of former generations.
Third: each farmer must now devote more and nwre of his time and effort to the business side of the farm. The New Jersey State Secretary of Agriculture, Hr. Alampi, summed up this tendency very well in saying that the new "concept of the~afarmer in a busi-
ness suit" is supplanting the traditional picture of the farmer in denim overalls.
We must, therefore, realize that the great change in agriculture,
to pinpoint the reason for that development. Poultry-raising, it is true, is physically easier and this has had some influence on the choice; but in dairy farming the amount of physical work is no less than in other types of farming, and we find a sizeable number of Jews engaged in it. No doubt the final decision as to what branch of agriculture to go into depends primarily on economic reasons.
Fifth: when we speak about the large number of Jews who left farming we ought to have in mind the fact that the movement of population from country to town has been constant for many years and throughout the whole world. The percentage of Americans engaged in farming diminished in
(Continued on Page Five)
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