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Weekly
ts U.S. School System Sever>Year Study Of 132 A. D. 80,000 Built-in Bias Against Bright Cave Skeletons Shows Israel TO Youngsters, Moves At Snail's Pace Racially Diverse Tlien As Now MONTHS!
No. SO
JEWS FLED
E IN SIX
: Vice Admiral Hyman C. Rick-over has urged the U.S. Congress to set Tip machinery for national examinations to establish scholastic standards'for students and teachers. At the same time, he declared that immediate Federal aid to public schools, colleges, and universities was ''indispensable."
In testimony before the House Committee on Appropriations, Admiral Rickover also suggested that, under auspices of Congress, says the ilew York Times, "a small committee of eminent, trustworthy, intelligent and broadly educated men" T>e formed "to keep American education under close scrutiny."
Such a committee, Admiral Rickover said, would be comparable to the English Universities Grants Committee or the American General Accounting Office. The British committee, though it dispenses government funds, has no power to interfere with the autonomy of the universities.
The Admiral's extensive testimony given on Hay 16, was made public by the committee. It is
?rinted in full in a 333-page of-icial report, entitled "Education for All Children � What We Can Learn from England." The report is available through members of Congress. The committee chairman said he hoped it would open a national debate.
The Admiral is known both as the father of the atomic submarine and as one of the nation's most outspoken critics of what he considers low standards of public education. He said the committee proposed bv him "would keep overall supervision, seeing to it that ^thsre will be a minimum of duplication and "that, on the other hand, worthwhile projects are not
He sS^^^is the two most
important problems of education in the United States the proper financial support of schools and colleges "so that this country will be educationally competitive' and the establishment of adequate national standards of educational quality.
Such standards, measured by national tests should be "permissive rather than compulsory," he added.
He suggested that the existing College Entrance Examination Board test might be expanded and,
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with the addition of public funds, used as the basis for broader national certification and testing, says the New York Times. Admiral Rickover said he saw such tests as "something like the English General Certification of Education" or other tests given in European countries.
"It would be most useful to parents because it would give them a yardstick to hold up to their local school so. th�t poor teaching could be easily shown up," the Admiral said. This "would give reality to our claim that we have community control over our schools at the local level," he said.
Vice Admiral Hyman G. Rickover says U.S. schools ought to be teaching more English, mathematics, history and science instead of "how to be likable, lovable, and datable."
The peppery Admiral, chief developer of the atomic submarine, fired a new salvo at "permissive" schools arid "progressive" educators, says the New York Herald Tribune. He said British and European schools are better than American because they concentrate on teaching basic subjects and developing the minds of their students.
He said American schools that emphasize "life adjustment" and "social leveling" get mediocre scholastic results and do not produce "the educated people we must have."
"If a school system is good at developing the intellectual potential of students it does its proper task well," Adm. Rickover said. "If it fails in this task, the fact that its graduates are pleasant-spoken, nicely group-adjusted young people does not constitute a mitigating factor � the school system is still � failure/ '.T%jVdmir*I rfecotfmcnd>d that the U.S. adetot'sorris, of the practices of the British, stfiool system, including standard examinations on basic subjects for national accreditation.
He said this would help citizens judge school performance and end much guesswork by college admission officials and prospective employers.
"It surely is not Federal tyranny to ask that a diploma give an honest description of what the holder has accomplished scholas-tically," Admiral Rickover said. He said current shortages of skilled workers and trained professionals in the country "are in large part a result of our having a public school system with a built-in bias against bright youngsters."
"American education moves at the snail's pace of the child of average ability, average motivation, average home background," he said. "Bright youngsters ought not to be kept together with the average beyond the elementary grades," he added, recommending the British system of separate types of high schools for children of different abilities.
"I see nothing 'un-American' or 'undemocratic' in measures that spur young people to improve their minds ' and their human competencies, even if this must lead to inequality in achievements," Adm. Rickover said, reports the New York Herald Tribune. "A school with separate secondary schools benefits no one more than the talented poor child."
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The people of ancient Israel ap-
Sear to liave been racially aa iverse as are the Jews of today, according to anthropological avi* dence sifted during the past seven years. The evidence, deriving mainly from measurements of skulls, is being compiled under the direction of Dr. Hills! Nathan, of the Anatomy Department of Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School.
Skeletons found in caves in the arid wilderness around the Dead Sea are providing material for continuing studies, say the New York Times. While classification is not yet complete, Dr. Nathan holds it is already clear that the ancient Israelites represented a variety of racial types.
The most significant finds for the studies were skeletons of families of Jewish rebels that Shimon Bar Kochba led against the Romans in 132 A.D. Out-numbered by the Roman legions, the Israelites took refuge in caves high in sheer canyon walls, and died in a long siege.
The revolt was crushed after three and a half years; Bar Kochba was killed in battle. It was the end of Jewry in ancient Israel, but historians estimate that numbers survived as fugitives in the caves for nearly a century.
In their nearly inaccessible hideaways, the skeletons remained undiscovered until very recent years, safe from predatory animals and from Bedouins searching for saleable relics.
The extreme heat and dryness around the Dead Sea and the high salt content of the air lift not only clothing, utensils, and documents in $ood enough condition to identify the skeleton! . , with Bar Koch\^ *ut- also S�l4is V *hmd*�of skin and ~&ttfTl�ft Iven tufts of hair that ranged from blonde to black.
Documents dated the rebel remains beyond reasonable question, and also revealed the true name of the legendary Jewish hero � Simon Bar Khosiba. Bar Kochba, or "Son of a Star", was the name the rebel leader was given by Rabbi Akiva, the spiritual leader of the revolt.
The cave document ended confusion that had existed about the name; it was written in Greek. Other documents found bearing the name were in Hebrew or Aramaic, neither of which has vowel letters.
More importantly, Dr. Nathan said, some revisions may be expected in existing theories about the racial origins of the ancient Israelites, says the New York Times. These origins have been complicated and confused from the time Abraham, regarded as the founder of the Hebrew people, forsook the moon-worshipping city of Ur in southern Babylonia, and wandered with his clan into Canaan nearly 4,000 years ago.
Even from the concubines of Abraham, the Hebrews received admixtures of Egyptian and northern Arabian blood. Egyptian strains were introduced in Joseph's family; Moses had a Mid-ianite wife and an Ethiopian one. And, in the "mixed multitudes" that followed Moses on the Exodus into Egypt, were Kenites, Keniz-zites, Celebites, Jerahmeelites and possibly Amalekites, scholars say.
Scholars generally agree, however, that the Hebrews were "largely," a blend of Mediterranean peoples in the fourth century B.C. when they began their dispersion into the world as it panded with the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The variety of racial characterises among modern Jews has often been attributed to intermingling in the' 2,000 years of dispersion, and also to such factors as diet and climate. Language, too, has an effect on facial muscles, and hence on appearance. Any changes wrought by environment and their degrees will require new study in the light of the studies of the eave rema:ns, Dr. Nathan said.
Of forty-nine skeletons in Bar Kochba's gtoup that could be measured with, accuracy, twenty-four were braxhycephalie.
This is a broad-headed Alpine type prevalent in northern Italy, Switzerland, southern Germany and France; or an Armenoid type that is found in Asia Minor, says the New York Times, These have the anthropological enaractsristics that are closest to the Ashkenasim, ths descendants of Jews who mi*
A vast outpouring oi Algeria � an exodu* 80,000, or nearly two-< Jewish population the last six months,
trrated through Asia Minor, or through Greece or Italy, to eastern an^ central Europe.
Two other skeletons were doli-chocephalics, long-headed types
m*tJ$Z �EJ YfigS8H*-~ Th.t w.. the Mca � medium, long-headed ea <of the Mediterranean type, correspond more closely to Sephardim of today, descendants of the/, Jews who migrated across Portugal.
; Nearly half of the firty-nine skeletons were of children, and sixteen were women. The dearth
of men suggested that many were Killed in oattle or in raids on Roman camps for provisions.
Dr. Yohanan Aharoni, of Hebrew University, found the first seventeen of the group in an ex-
?edition in 1955. He found six in 060 and seven in 1961. The rest *ere discovered in an expedition ted by Gen. Yigael Yadin, professor at Hebrew University.
! Skeletons, two or three centuries ^earlier, were found by Prof. ^Naham Avigad, of the University, and Professor Yadin in 1961 in caves at Ein Gedi. Examination of thirty-four of a measurable eighty-two showed a slight predominance of mesocephalics, showing a probable admixture of Alpine and Mediterranean types. Thirty-two were found to be of the Alpine and Armenoid types and sixteen probably Mediterranean, says the New York Times.
gr. Na|han conjectured that the ebrews were heterogeneous even then.
port released by the Jewish Committee, community in Algerjafis an an cient one, dating fromlthe Roman empire, reports the jNew York Herald Tribune. It isfolder than many of the Moslem groups that have now taken powiV with nationalist independence for the country.
The mass emigration of the Jews is a new chapter'in a dramatic Btory which had another clifnax just after the 1830 invasion of Algeria by the French. At that time the ancient Jewish.dttny was virtually undistinguish^ne from the poverty-ridden, . ^ttfck - wearing Arab and Berber mSyority.
After centuries Jt� domination by the Moslems, thjiij*rrivin� Europeans were see&v4A a Ciodsend by many of tta'Jeffs. With astonishing rapidity; tikey took on French charscterislws of dress, speech, and outlodk. Prance ^ave the Algerian Jews fa.ll citizenship in 1870. The samaras not done for the Moslem Majority until 1946. "r'f
The Institute of fcwish Affairs
ews from of the World Jewish Congress esti-pf nearly mated the Algerian Jewish popu-rds of the lation in 1959 at 130,000. Six �� fled in months ago, the figure was set at going to 115,000. The American Jewish t of a re- Committee said, on the basis of in-American terviews with refugees in France e Jewish and information from inside Algeria, that the Jewish population is down to 35,000. Eighty thousand had left in the last six months.
The Algerian Jews have been given some verbal guaranties, but see signs nonetheless that the predominantly Moslem provisional government "tends to identify all Jews with Israel," the AJC reported. A statement by the new AlKerian government proclaiming an attitude toward Israel "exactly like that of other Arab states" and refusing diplomatic recognition was seen as disturbing.
In none of the new North African Arab countries have the Jewish communities fared happily. Only a tenth of the Jews remain in Libya and Egypt, while half have left Morocco and Tunisia, the AJC added.
Most of the Algerian Jews are going to France rather than to Israel. French authorities are sending them to towns throughout the country on a basis of available space, says the New York Herald Tribune. The AJC said it feared anti-Semitism caused by competition for jobs and housing. It also saw a danger that the scattered immigrants would be unable to keep up all of their religious traditions.
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