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THE CANADIAN JEWISH REVIEW
.1
A NON-JEW LOOKS AT ZIONISM ANt) PALESTINE
ADDRESS TO THE BROTHERHOOD OF TEMPLE EMANU-EL, IN MONTREAL
Tke Very ftevercnd Kenneth C. Svan�t Rector of Christ Church Cathedral in Montreal; Dean of Montreal; former Tkayer Fellow at the American School of Oriental Research in Jeruealem, Palestine; and former Dean of Divinity at Trinity College, University of Toronto,
of all I wish to express ^appreciation for this oppor-t��ty to address the Men's Asso-ciation of the Temple Emanu-El on a subject which has been very
might be on your minds in respect pated in the First World War the Far from it. Agriculture has ex-
to Palestine and Zionism and an- Arabs gained most In Syria their panded both through the reclama-
swer them. hope was temporarily deferred. It tion of desert land and also through
As you all know, when the First was put under French Mandate.
World War broke out, Palestine And in the little strip of Palestine
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cioie to my heart ever since I en- was a part of the Turkish Empire, west of the Jordan, a tiny little
teired the American School of Or- as was also the greater part of the Research in Jerusalem as a peninsula of Arabia. During that in the winter of 1932. It war Britain entered into secret neat that time that I formed cer- gotiations with the Arabs. She previews ' about Palestine and mised to support Arab nationalist
employment of scientific methods for the more intensive cultivation of the soil. But as industries were established in Palestine, many Arabs were ready to sell their farms (at the fairest and best prices that were to be had, and that means to Jewish purchasers) and to enter the factories as labourers.
fraction of the immense area claimed under the various titles by Arabs, and rather less than half of Palestine itself, the claim of our Arab Allies and friends was to be
which I have held to and hopes in exchange for Arab help, modified so as to make possible the
from time to time I have The negotiations were held in 1916, fulfilment of the Balfour promises. Thus people who for generations,
with some modifications, and I believe (though I am not I have gone over all this familiar almost from time immemorial, had
In recent months, how- quite sure of this) while the Gal- ground at some length. I have done been peasants or almost serfs on
r, the political conditions in Pal- lipoli action was being fought, so for two reasons. First, because the land, found themselves in a
have deteriorated in an They were not productive of any I believe that the Balfour Declara- new role and with a new status.
* alarming manner, and the situa- real results, however, until con- tion, embodied in the Law of the Now, from all the reports that I
tton has become very difficult and siderably later. . Mandate, is one of the first achieve- have been able to obtain I am
Added to that, there has In November 1917, when the ments in the evolution of a con- firmly of the belief that Labour
a Steadily widening divergence Palestine action was well advanced, stitutional law which is intema- enjoys a High degree of security in
of views between Britain and the Britain struck a more direct blow tional in scope. It represents a den- Palestine, and as far as I know
United States as to the best solu- at Germany, aiming at the morale nite advance in the effort to regu-. Arab labour as such has not been
tioa of the question. of the people on the home front, late international affairs by law. responsible for anti-Jewish demon-
With the idea that the United by seeking to alienate German It has been also a new experiment strations. Yet I must repeat what
States would offer only advice and Jews, and to win over their sup- in statecraft for the British people. I was saying. The great transition
no concrete help, the British Gov- port This blow against Germany There was no people so well- in Palestine from an exclusively
ernment has been very impatient was the publication of the now fa- fitted to undertake this experiment agrarian economy to a more bal-
towards representations made to nous Balfour Declaration, on No- as the British were, Added to their anced economy was effected with
her by her old ally on this matter, vember 2nd, 1917. experience in all parts of the world, such rapidity, that while it bene-
and in fact has not always been Up to that time Zionism had its there was the political liberalism, fitted the country as a whole, and
even courteous. If Palestine were strength principally in Continental tried and proved over and over both races together, yet it did bring
a part of the British Empire, and Europe, and notably in Germany, again, which had enabled Britain hardship to individuals here and
If we were certain that the British The Balfour Declaration led Zion- progressively to lead the members there,
ists to give their loyalty and sup- of its vast commonwealth in the There is another aspect of the
port to the British, and one might direction of fuller autonomy and great development during the
say "Anglo-Saxon" nations. Zion- self-government In the second 'thirties that must in all fairness
ism, aa&in view of present events place, I have reviewed the settle- be alluded to. It is this. In corapari-
it is a matter of highest import- ments made with Arabs and with son with their Arab neighbours,
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taxpayer would authorize for an indefinite period grants for the maintenance of an armed force equal to the preservation of order, we might ignore the American at-
titude. But Palestine is not a part anc� to keep this clearly in mind, Jews, because pressure groups both and in competition with them, the of the Empire. Britain is there as a trustee, or as a so-called Mandatary Power, and was answerable to the League of Nations before its absolution.
made a definite transfer of its hi the Levant and also in Angle- Jewish colonists and farmers en-loyalty, and became, as it were, a Saxon countries have been formed joyed important advantages. They firm ally and a partner of Britain so as to modify those settlements were backed by very generous sup-on account of the promise con- again in favor of the Arabs. It is, port from Zionist sources which en-tained in the Balfour Declaration, therefore, most urgent that the abled them to apply scientific meth-Aad through a special agreement namely that His Majesty's Govern- Balfour Declaration and the Law ods and machinery to a degree quite entered into with the United States mcnt would, upon the conclusion of the Mandate should be re-affirm- impossible to the Arab. This fact in 1W4, Britain undertook also to of P�M�, take steps to establish a ed by the United Nations Organi- is revealed in a most startling way consult her in,matters affecting the Jewish National Home in Palestine, cation, with as little delay as pos- in the evidence submitted to the destiny of Palestine, though the Wen, the alienation of German siWe, if conditions in Palestine are Anglo-American Committee of In-TjJjLwas nefer a member of the Jews from their Fatherland is said not to deteriorate beyond an re- quiry set up recently to study the
to have led te a decline ia____� .... . . .. ... ...................- - .�.....^^^^^
itself by British troops, was timed to coincide with events in other quarters of most ominous portent. Of these events, which include the Ethiopian War, the Spanish Civil War, the War of Nerves, perhaps the most important of all was the failure of the League of Nations to impose sanctions upon Italy in her wanton attack upon Ethiopia, a fellow member of the League.
This affected the situation in Palestine in an immediate and profound manner.. For it was the League of Nations and its Law of the Mandate that were foundations of the new Constitution in Pales-
tine. If the League were to become invalid, could not the Mandate and the Balfour Declaration be disannulled? If they were disannulled, and the very basis in international law that legitimatized Britain's rule in Palestine swept away, what would remain to support the Palestine experiment? This is not a private view of my own. It is a view expressed by no less a person than the Lord Chancellor in a debate in the House of Commons on March 6th, 1940, on the subject of the White Paper. I repeat his words: "The Mandate is our right and (Continued from Page Eight)
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sbeial welfare. It seems of paramount importance that: Britain and the United States should cooperate towards a solution of the problem.
Conversely, it has been felt by many observers that if the Anglo-Saxon powers fall to collaborate towards a settlement of this problem the prospects are dim that they will collaborate in other efforts, for any length of time. Palestine, therefore, is a problem in itself that wffl require an almost super-degree of sagacity and for-to solve. But beyond that ft wffl test the sincerity of the desire of nations for peace and their readiness to work together for it In my treatment of this subject I propose to set forth what seem to me to be the salient facts in the in their chronological se-In this way I will endeav-to anticipate questions that
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difficult to prove and to document. But, however that might be, the Germans themselves never forgave the Jews for their reaction to the Balfour Declaration. It is the principal cause of the implacable hatred that the Nazis felt towards them. In course of time the Balfour Declaration was accepted by fifty-one nations in the world. It was confirmed by the League of Nations. It was embodied in the very Law of the Mandate under which Palestine was to be administered, by Britain. To the Jews, therefore, the Balfour Declaration has a fuller significance than it has to any race in the world. It has a double significance. It was in part the sinister cause of much of the horror that they have suffered in Germany; it has been also the hope of remedy for their plight and of escape from the suffering that it led to.
Meantime, to their Arab allies in the First World War the British were more than generous. The Sherif Hussein, representing the most distinguished family in Arabia, was given the Hedjaz as a Kingdom; to the Emir Feisal, his son, Syria was awarded, but when this grant was resisted by the French, he was given the Kingdom of Iraq and was crowned in Baghdad. As if that were not enough, Palestine itself was then divided into two portions, one to the West of the Jordan River and the other to the East, and the eastern section, (now termed Trans Jordan) was ceded to the Arabs under Emir Abdullah, another son of Haseein.
It should never be forgotten that it was by force of British arms, and by the superior military genius of a British soldier, Allenby, that this whole area was wrested from the Turk. Kveryosje knows of the exploits of Lawrence of Arabia and his desert ciaassMB, but no ooe
tsriatty to the victory
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the ^Iwsjsjtsss' Ihs fo the new society and stats- were being laid in Palestine, but Jewish immigration was slow. In fact, Jewish immigration into the U.S.A. was far quicker. During this first decade there were some acts of violence on the part of Arabs in protest against Jewish immigration and the new order. However, violence was sporadic and unorganized.
Circumstances changed, however, in the 'thirties. First, the great flood of migration to the U.S.A. was reduced to a mere trickle. Second, Jewish Colonies and industries in Palestine were making remarkable progress and were demonstrating the economic potentiality and capacity of Palestine. In other words, Jewish effort under a beneficent British government, was proving that the dream of Zionism, so long thought to be a mere chimera of religious piety and imagination, could be realized. Finally, the great factor that contributed to Jewish immigration was the struggle between Communism and Fascism for control of Central Europe that ended in the temporary success and victory of Fascism, and the advent of Hitler to power.
These three factors together were responsible for a great increase in Jewish immigration into Palestine and a renewed development in Palestine, which affected every phase of life. Political, economic, sodal, educational and philanthropic. The upsurge of life and endeavour brought benefit to every principal class of Palestinian society without exception. There were sodal changes, it is true, which were potentially dangerous. Perhaps these social changes took place at that period rather too quickly. I refer to the effects OB many individuals here sad there through the traaaitkm of Palestine from aa
to a more ly of agriculture and industry.
Let me explain this: was, uadsr Turkish rule,
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Arab farms, and the ^reduction of eggs per hen on Jewish farms is roughly two and a half times as great. What is the explanation of these remarkable differences?
The explanation is simply that Jewish farmers have had the intelligence and the financial means to import pedigreed livestock. Similarly, with improved crop rotation, seed selection, the use of fertilizers, and mechanised equipment in place of the old ox-drawn plough, the Jewish farmer obtains roughly fronrtwo to two and a half times as much from an acre of land than does his Arab neighbour. Let me repeat then: the production of Arab farms is greater now than it was in those days when the land was under Turkish administration. Arab fanners are beginning to benefit from improved... agricultural methods. But progress is slow, and compared with Jewish farms, most of the Arab farms are still poorly cultivated. (In passing, I might remark, that the suggestion has already been made that this disparity between the Jewish and Arab farmers might be mitigated and remedied by help provided by the Government in co-operation with the U.SJL)
Now, as a result of these two factors which I have been describing, namely, the suffering imposed upon some individuals through the change in the economy of the country, and the dissatisfaction of some Arab farmers at the more rapid progress of the Jews were responsible for some unrest in the earlier thirties. It was only, however, in the middle thirties that Arab unrest began to take a violent and organised form, People who are partial to the Arabs explain the organised sabotage and violence and terrorism in 1934-lttl as a legitimate bid for self-determination,
However, aistoriaae are hardly likaty to take this narrow sad ooe-sidsd view. They wiO barely forget that this organised mffltaat terror-
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