;.:<.;;^<;. - ' �:.'
and t1is*imsvi|-�n -"flplfc&l flU-aIn for fact TamHj Naitu Cfiicf Minis
tcr M/.;KftAnan.tdbi;'- It als<
ttirevu'd thai i(Ve ^
|mnyeJm*^||n ctyivgiv t�t ptiun against Kurunankihi the Special. Jildgf, Nittttrav "v^jj pieced to 1i]ts Ailtuiuue and
*.>j<,*r/4ir\d {ft fftfW- ' - - '" v '' ' ��' l ' / '�
/'::.:',.. ;./'�,;'��_ ";; '", jjhi. tt accused ot having ibwwti hi ^official posnior as Chief Minttter *<hen DMK wih ia flower irt 1he matter of wheat purchase ftti^ Punjab and i* alleged to H*V<? !****v�!d pecuniary advantage for himself to tht ciieta of yMcftjoft*., ft*. 4tt>,00( �Jiii4"5�.OBft4^!\::-C\V^\\;'----.V;;-.
e ueco
r -�r,
study tor ffjfrtfnf tip of an ajpricuhural mjjijHsh, institute, and extend ^-operation in pros i�)mg c*p*rt ifctvk** and training 10 Iraqi peru^nel in the univcm ties and oe^arch institutes in �ndi* �/' : �;'�-' :"*'/ �-�:'"'�:
� ...:. lifih". -:v-v.'; ;��
Iraqi studfctys ixnd officers * ill get framing jfojltftes at various agricultural irtivenitie* and re H'arch mjuH�i#C4 in thi* coumrs in soil phy*kii soil and >aicr coitsrn atkfiii agricultural mete umk�gv, ahdj agricultural engm-coring.- imUMing k rig at ion and drainage, ;|4 �'��''� '�� ' .'"- .
M�MI
1)1
Iftee, lite
It,
of
Witfc
other
your
'�'�.'V
'$:
IS v fro:
.".�'�fl
pr
un
'�Y/.J
a
ubr*ftiajit*in
tly taken noti
l*Vof':^eJ:$tar^
?en the niltivist of H [ii; andtl^^ probjemiv this geogrlwi^^^ $ doubi>{ unfortunate wftn natiyist w
t dcmocrJ d wit
re me
'��
iru
tic values, while secular inodertt o*ne type" 6| 4uto|tacy. iies ha$ only ifWttetnef*.
� it worse;
sin seems to be it and
su
H
hi
attriftmethiS
ipti to Muslim jrute injthe North
liiarto attnirte ths |K)a^
ndU cont Jinhieht ;of U in thd South, this if less than a half
1 .� � i � .... '..' .":-' ' ..'. -,--i.*...- ^. I '.�.-.� '�..�'-'- .; �� �' ; .�- �: ��� �' j�i.'t... �����'jr'. -.-'.�'� -
s itignorf*
went
e and what
<rull aid the loni *ocial process o^f attitude
T' . r . . � ' ;� ^r � '� � � � � ,'-��*. > � �' ' ' . �-�� I >' � ' �' '��-- � : ��� '
Muslim
. . .. --..-.,-..-.-.,.....,...... , tn^.':'QW't*il
four clear successive stag^ in this polfiriajation ^oing right ijitb the Utje Hindu period. ' '"' '' " "''" ''" '"'''""' '""�''"' vv""""
CULTURAL ID!
hniughput t e Vedic
aid the^ periodi 4f Hindu
. ' * " W � L - . ' ' L^* _. tm.' �. -"'^l.J..*! .'�-�-."
van. Gup nn and Harshan). I Tamil Nadu (including Kerala) ed its pr wid linguistic as wfeit a> cultural Uenthy, admitting
ideas and cuMomi ^
"'�" rtc^Jarity of
v�I �"^ �'�**-��-� -� .....
inipomant constituent of thi$ idefctity"V*s: thi
Tajmill (Aham) j Httrature ;atid Vllimll ethics ai . Th|$ was fortunate fof the whole of
* - * � * � - . � . ^
S^trf India contributed ^he t�^
ntegration in t^jp^st-irnp^rial^ tt the lOtK from h^s<^ eiltciuaiK at deiwidn^
^ ____^ a if trirtsfp^^ ^ """ " "'
oujfth the t*ansfii$ion of tafcil <(Ahattimai)
viable � philosophies, unifying several earl . sriapid and proWunded ^ Sahkaf ^
\irces in^ratedlndia^^^^
ir^pejrial unmfatiop - Bhakti kt the popuWr leyqi and the phies ai the elite level.
��(Mite:
en
res;
a. few wrijers have ijtcieintly notice oft the sur(t- differ-betwoehj the hatiyist or
idu reivalt
inhje'nv: and the secular
1 � I - ' ' I A� . '�. ,' . . '.
it apprcAch ot
titicians, towards
'No. ofjSojuthern pc
proble _
pl^ica) pplarizakton of aftitudes
les doubly )in|oitMn*t* nativistjrevivaUsnl claims
{XJpujist dernocrjatic values, >^hile se QM�r rnoderfism secW to be 4S w>< ia'ted .with aome type; ^ au to< racV . Merely dc^nng it ; ar dj Teaching remedies -has ohl^ mjid^ it worsA intensirytnii' the pnliticsj of bitterness.
9 .< ' � - i v ,..-,.�'� r,t � . � '.,. .
II
Indians p^emo^
in diversSjy wa| firmly estab? Ushed eve^after^ political unitica^ tioni f^ilexbitit at the sainetime-*
is usual to attribute thi
a'cJjiffereritial ex-
___ ____;la^ affected thf
Hindu caltuire^ o^ the Ifeith :*n< the^ Soiithr differently to evolvi different
larjization.to
1� and Hin
n
ruth'as it arid
c
luslim rule irt th la cpritainmeiitp this is less than ignores what wen
^r � V �' � - . - .' ., � � -.,. .m �
iat
�fo.
rule ahd'the lonfe!socia ?; of �iu.it *de rcinfofcernent .w.^ cari ic entity 'fowir clea^
;'��'s^cc' ^ssi.ye -..staj ;cs in tl)is poljariz - aji.or[ 'goin-g':- tri j'ht.'.; bScfe;'Irtltb/^'thiJ ttlhdvi; pet iodi-
siibjected^
the Unri?!|?ved friiseHes of th< Delhi S^^4nate Iperipd with Uj
tyranny ;� af fascinations
of r^y.nas<y^;'iiftdr:;';:': ^yna^ty^.-';-an<
f Amines Viaiidl ....... . _..... ;
to the s$ble but hijghly central^ tzed rulielof t
fefeign rrite ppiari^erf the populatipi � ititp � two extremil
-����.-' .-; ��**:� �-���� j.-^.-i'*i*i^rl-^-j.'-;ij.:_-:iJ
into
!U:L
frURAL IDENTITY
hvoui>hout tie Vedic;p^riod ani
, � '^- ... 't*.'�-�*�� �_�':-.'�. .��..._.,_:-^.
e -
Ta
Jen
an. (jufctan and (nO N?rdu Jiincludinjg Keralai:
� - � - i ..'���'-.�-�:. *r>' . . "��*�� � ��" f
krvcd its�r0ud liriguisttc a .as' c^ltuM identityi admtit Aryan ideas a^nd; custom i i vely An4 conditionally r A >rtanf ccpstituent 'Of th tity vi/astrie tbtal sectilArity
an il (Ahaii) literature in] arr il ethics ja;s propounded;..ii In kkurml. JThis Was fprtunat jr he wholejbf; India cultural^ s Jouth india contHbuted
low
cntercdtfte Siervice of the
State anc|ae^uir^(l;not a polite
S�ut court|icriy ethic. In terms
ieligipus:icu1tur(3
$<is: v cliinfe..: ''fertlely^;' to:;;/a ..::;riigh|y'^
si mplifie^f; popjtilistic : forih �rf
'�Hindui^isp while] thre elite
the extefhills�;��';wi Mujghal coi
ojng Hiriciu worship >|ri-tastigat< * i;elite^v\y|jo;
would ^;l^t ^
and Jpartly; reduced:jtO
��""�"--�'_ �'_ '&
._..._, _r _ ;... ;saints;:':aV;:o|ie-level an^ village Hampdens at t|
_w^ thil4 ^M^ �P -,- - -,- - � , j . Which l^sperfjsted
o i m portnt elements of India*
e)i {io^cuttiir �; inte^atiw in; tl os ^imerial centuries \;lrbiii;':fl th
to the 1 (Nil
cp Mtpire 1|ius tWc nt< licet ually :ahd emotlonaliy ra nped Bhakavatha cult of tl Notth was vitWized in4 ;trahifo^ TIC 1 into the IBfhakti cul tri Soil
response to Islim was mbfe sophisticated and tcjok " woi;;,|tage>.;^^'.:iAi^ ^rt the early shock! of the MaUI^Kafur humcane ajnd the Tugk^ rampage, the Vijayin^ agar icji^e i! kept substantial parts of; Smith India under Hindu
' '�- ' �' � ' �'���-':..:�. -;>w ^�:'V^^_;.:''Jir_l,
nidfia through t)ie trahiffttsion i) {Ahattjmkr) eroticlani �r ndiy, VUible philosophu
hi|fying sevirai carlie^ itrmiw e shapedjiiBd propounded ly
artkara, KanjanU)a and Madhvi
tsc. t wo forces integrated Inc1 urally aftfcr aH the lailures
iml
popular fcvel and
|Qp(iies at the] elite
his Soiithjlndian achievezTi^ht its credit and
,.'r'
Talikot�* Ti^ not only gave he .Hindus1]' a continuous political identity) an^ conscicHisness but also kebt the Hindu elite aliv4 to their oMigatioi^s of ma^s con NJIore imo^aM
establfsfti cen4in horitis o ing Muflimsubjecls, which Iim rulArs had to acknowle (heir treatment of Hindu su
'
in
i.
local support; thiy l>egan runhin;g
their admmi^tritt^
vy^lf as lower JweliB with Htndif
;miiriisters and officials. the iatier ............ -r >W tfeir own
rightSMn^^^^ Rijput crandeesi ia
the Mughal^
Mahrattas lit their dayibf j^wer
^had' - ;fess^: ipe^ryafiotio.-;iii^:;iisiitg
Rdu^ljrn ;<3<lfictais^J .�; JSb-.;' Hiiidxi
resistanc^ torjmfr
Muslim ?cbiiqiiief t �v^^^^^Sbiii^f
^^ved; sd^ � s^^ar wa^
South - ^W �ft^ it^ White: v ;N<^herb Hindtf
entially polarizep into a courtierly ^^it^andtM
^V^fe^-i^i>^^
COLONUUSM
�\\: �.'�
have diminis
British
sftio itself might and diluted this
p^t a lattern of not only
first
^
unJiKe;tne eai^ierT^tkislik; ongot^ or ftwh ^ quest s based oi land. Trie cpstal
areas felt �^ benefits^ eaifii*^ ^ ^
..........__ In Asia ^hd ^^ca hi
parttciiliurv thet^oa^al felt wi^' better exposed to W^sterv i,ev Englishi and: f renehV educitioiii
f:-'V'i6at;::';'cqist�l; of/Senegal and 111 Dahomey sup| lied the vants and teae iers fb> the i?st of French Africa; the ^
id ;an edge oh th'e
..... ;:of
Jand Yortibas'h inland Haiisaj afid; Noctiierji N<� ria in
�-.-� :� ..i-*'.' � *:�i� '�.�?$'� -��':�
wioV tn:;hndw m s _ _.__. T^
'ci^r-pF v,,8ett| al, Bbtnoay an4
Madras stble a iinarch m Western
educattoni- bvir; the Nor^er?i
. yerial^residue of to$strbase<i Jii tval^cplpnraUsm ajj pver ;the cpio rizexi�areas of tlie world - biit two factor^ m mtich worse ii ;lndiai>one durirfg the ftritisri r �adihe \other during thein
aifter infl* ^endeftce'.- ^ In ^tlie " oi Commerce
;early.v:i...........
conquest � by ednjpany. the
Sriitisrtv administra-
; ";-.<�;' �.�;�_' �creating - :ari' irtrieditfry ^tess; in presidencies first
educated ;mH the coastal
jiirbonsciousi sx^ously ^ ft>rmsy; By thje tittle they started
^admihisteriiigj the N<fehera^^^
ribusly, irtis ardour
hM abated Sffeewte
first decad-e; of this centi^ry, they ti^iie:d! islrohgiy anti-middle t; tinder u^o*1 ^"d ^nto.
into a bpurt
ieriy elite ir .
iinder Muslim
t^ien wyag^inite^n^s 1RS7 risl)eliH)nv uiiexposed to
Western
^cation wAfiiwiU^ ail jmri-midile c|^ British admitoi^ nal oolarizatibn was
nngs p^rc, brought into sharper iccui during the freedom struggle by [the Gandhian Congress constitution, from 192J onwards, lp^ the: ieatiier^
r^aiv-fe^^...
structuret anldthere i^ere no about the number and election of delegates. Bengal, Bombay and Madras moije or less shared the ^re$i<(jtet^ jind^ ^ thp sessbn^ with Bengal dombi-atHigv The Qandhian Constitution created Provincial Congress Committees bas^d on the local langil-number of Congress
3
-.:.' ' r..��.�'-. ->, ;-� ';
'��'�'>:'': ^-4...,; .v'^-{. : .�.�:.:'--;-^;vr.V--,i:-;.
:^^--'^i:^;;;j>-:^
'fc^^^K!''^-:
sii;i^^
DeM
invest rneni iti assets hke
in -fbjreign Currency " the State's "
A*****/:1 ���� .-*�*���*���.-:- -�-.,--�:'� r-" --� -�-'-* � � �'�'!� -" :��" � ��*'� *�
He 4i)00 rntliiri* debentures andsectmtiesis nil.
��**�'.� ~.,WfV - llJ,IIIrtV>V '�; .'� ' - - -' iifc." :'-> -" . ' ; ' '� '.',:' '..- '�� �� '.'.:" >'.����� ' � - �".' tV" '
.^- >.,/ ^.>--.v ..^*il * The survev v also said: that *orte
year
UritHes ; but tnpst . in
picuofus consumption, accordin, t
of the 402 :hou^lipfe^5 ; suiy<ty^dc only brie householtl inve�eil m:injtotry ^ile tft^ il^ beeh a fo^ir^ Ae dewi^
years "and relatively for second handcars." ^ ^ ^ acqutredlandwithan average per liou^hold value of Rs. 100�(W, constructed building with I an aveti^ ^ "'" .l^had^ughti i*ISvOOp per'
__.iifc> s^ts costing mote^
l,ODO, six had <:ars and 111 recorders each
had
;QVer
'' '^;i^> :i:-v[^> g^;� h,^t:^:
r--.:'. :^'i
into
ior
investigation
t|te State lias ^ not been productive ^ purposes?' as
''f';'_':m-' ��!''.-'� �;' "; . �-.-��, ��'/��; \: '�./.� :.>'o. \ �, -'��..;.,��'� .' ,- }�:�-�.'
: ;an
delegates : and
soojv beraine propottioiial lingjuistic populations, jPoli n^ the - Congrciss and de^ speaking areas as indicated jby
C^
members drawn the^r: eV<en w^ micdle : clas$; was ; still located
tal presidencies. Thi* geq^ai>h^ icantnbalance in t^rmspfpol^fSil verfeiis |jrolessi^al p^wer is; riot found to ;the same aWv"
itich imbalance produced|jio;
nfosive { inpr eye^
for important which are'^Qt:dften unid icly/ acknowledged. i:^are crucial; oiie relating � to :. n --~ �^- ami 3tnqfltlier jthe eniral p^ittcai India* &;::&ri-stltUtipjti: ere ated ^^ :giiarariieed ;po$rtioiii pi" ppjver fe>r the ail - Alttdia seryjee^ Central < seryices ^> to I � be t any regional
�.,..,-.,,,�...� .-,. .t^^^rajcitfeer
thte Kas ;till recehtly "
recruits who- are: suj
th< Migh linguistically :drawyt n|
ire nt the coastal: areas,
re< iruits with dbmicUe in ri
thin ; one; State v
iseveril Indian languages,
^ntral ppliticall leaderr shfp isras dr^n fr^ a^
micrbscopic
al
reional rootsi ajtid
tht^v^
Xjindhian arrangement tp jpas|$ on thfe de^trai Ie>ders1tip to l^|^ wtro vv^as rr^n^ Ajrv^ m - and of Katoraj^ia^
Mdrarji Ifesai out as lie
fpore ^im^ b^ Kindirsea
tfie ^initial DMK's support ;
�
l��..,'.-., *�**��� '. ' ^l!* ��1T^�*: '. .V^-*^,-��.-��� -j .�_.�����:�..
:ular professional coastals! and �vfvalist political inlandprs. conditions have weaken|ed if
vanished a^d^e ir^K^ history gl6yiwat Aepre^^
" iii-j.-l
at patmnizihg and jatch s ��it iio longer
surveyvalso of *he �disquieting fc ^mtgr^ion; jmd /m tances>fe the;^ and social polarisation that it has
bf faniiH^ emigrant abroad, sending abou a iho^
50te>tltato^^ causes of vtb� unip^
/well be that niore
half ^^.;.;'^j^'htsr;^tf:--:
""^'"" . . ot >bek>w tfce matriculation level, put Jof the 514 ^ntgrants iu t>�eyed, 2W had not matriculated; 142 were inat-
tncujates, 3 3 were , of pre-degree: level, eight were postgraduates, seveii were ;de|;reje or diploma holders in i engmeeHhg and 28 were techhicaUy trained; /
T^erisi^c^^ ^
prices' * was another indicator of ; vifriat f he ;'.;:^Mr^^-.;:d(^nl>es;--:;;as rV^astajge of nkmey/�* ITie dowry increase te froim about Rs; lS;OCto to about
to
�en^
ffi^
sions oti ^ TTueidiiy deddedtbiorTn in AH / Itidiii Forunt to fi against c<nn mirniaJisnt anc| fascism preached; by the
Sewak $angh;
men that the 'nomencjatu re\ of the organisation^ would be^i
� :-%*?�'- � - -..'� ��::� .- � .-�;.-.- ....�� - . -� . .:� ;;Sl
Raj Narath satd the organisation
Would ^^n^
opersaft , c^ilii join it oh ^ his
�� . '� v'-i^i^^i"...... j . �.
:,t
^-^ foreign trade deficit of
iwUip^
the Jcurreht financial year ,;Mijitsr �tfe't of State vfor ; Cprnnierce A rif Be tpixi the
said that ;thi decline in overall exports ; v^s^ly mai^inal at about 1 ^ I per cent as cpinpared With last year, ^ '-' ":.-: : '� : : :� � V;- \U:::;y [�
Based i: on
ir<es; trie deficit duringihe first nine months (^nl-Deceinbei: 1978} w^
export^ amouiitiiig; to Rs* 39,09fr$ �lftw* *nd ' hnpbrts amounting to Rs. 46,939. millioc^
to
Geprg^ I^rn has
e ai ^ Pakistan to take advantage of ndiiMi technological
, 10 Feb. 79;
MiW'*&K-vi**~^*~s-^^�t*'>^
He told a visiting delegation of Pakistan industriaHsts that India wanted close industrial and commercial re1atk>ns with Pakistan. ''Pdiiti^al { diffeteiices V bctwe^ the tw$ countries, �' : lie &aidi "need not dominate oar relations iil the'feld of sharing expertise iMd tedipic^ kt�^^ der ^^cirte>J thai the t^p countries identity areas where they could complement each
..- r
